systemd-cryptenroll — Enroll PKCS#11, FIDO2, TPM2 token/devices to LUKS2 encrypted volumes
systemd-cryptenroll [OPTIONS...] [DEVICE]
systemd-cryptenroll is a tool for enrolling hardware security tokens and devices into a LUKS2 encrypted volume, which may then be used to unlock the volume during boot. Specifically, it supports tokens and credentials of the following kind to be enrolled:
PKCS#11 security tokens and smartcards that may carry an RSA key pair (e.g. various YubiKeys)
FIDO2 security tokens that implement the "hmac-secret" extension (most
FIDO2 keys, including YubiKeys)
TPM2 security devices
Regular passphrases
Recovery keys. These are similar to regular passphrases, however are randomly generated on the computer and thus generally have higher entropy than user-chosen passphrases. Their character set has been designed to ensure they are easy to type in, while having high entropy. They may also be scanned off screen using QR codes. Recovery keys may be used for unlocking LUKS2 volumes wherever passphrases are accepted. They are intended to be used in combination with an enrolled hardware security token, as a recovery option when the token is lost.
In addition, the tool may be used to enumerate currently enrolled security tokens and wipe a subset of them. The latter may be combined with the enrollment operation of a new security token, in order to update or replace enrollments.
The tool supports only LUKS2 volumes, as it stores token meta-information in the LUKS2 JSON token area, which is not available in other encryption formats.
PCRs allow binding of the encryption of secrets to specific software versions and system state,
so that the enrolled key is only accessible (may be "unsealed") if specific trusted software and/or
configuration is used. Such bindings may be created with the option --tpm2-pcrs=
described below.
Secrets may also be bound indirectly: a signed policy for a state of some combination of PCR
values is provided, and the secret is bound to the public part of the key used to sign this policy.
This means that the owner of a key can generate a sequence of signed policies, for specific software
versions and system states, and the secret can be decrypted as long as the machine state matches one of
those policies. For example, a vendor may provide such a policy for each kernel+initrd update, allowing
users to encrypt secrets so that they can be decrypted when running any kernel+initrd signed by the
vendor. Such bindings may be created with the options --tpm2-public-key=,
--tpm2-public-key-pcrs=, --tpm2-signature= described below.
See Linux TPM PCR Registry for an authoritative list of PCRs and how they are updated. The table below contains a quick reference, describing in particular the PCRs modified by systemd.
Table 1. Well-known PCR Definitions
| PCR | name | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | platform-code | Core system firmware executable code; changes on firmware updates |
| 1 | platform-config | Core system firmware data/host platform configuration; typically contains serial and model numbers, changes on basic hardware/CPU/RAM replacements |
| 2 | external-code | Extended or pluggable executable code; includes option ROMs on pluggable hardware |
| 3 | external-config | Extended or pluggable firmware data; includes information about pluggable hardware |
| 4 | boot-loader-code | Boot loader and additional drivers, PE binaries invoked by the boot loader; changes on boot loader updates. sd-stub(7) measures system extension images read from the ESP here too (see systemd-sysext(8)). |
| 5 | boot-loader-config | GPT/Partition table; changes when the partitions are added, modified, or removed |
| 7 | secure-boot-policy | Secure Boot state; changes when UEFI SecureBoot mode is enabled/disabled, or firmware certificates (PK, KEK, db, dbx, …) changes. |
| 9 | kernel-initrd | The Linux kernel measures all initrds it receives into this PCR. |
| 10 | ima | The IMA project measures its runtime state into this PCR. |
| 11 | kernel-boot | systemd-stub(7) measures the ELF kernel image, embedded initrd and other payload of the PE image it is placed in into this PCR. systemd-pcrphase.service(8) measures boot phase strings into this PCR at various milestones of the boot process. |
| 12 | kernel-config | systemd-boot(7) measures the kernel command line into this PCR. systemd-stub(7) measures any manually specified kernel command line (i.e. a kernel command line that overrides the one embedded in the unified PE image) and loaded credentials into this PCR. |
| 13 | sysexts | systemd-stub(7) measures any systemd-sysext(8) images it passes to the booted kernel into this PCR. |
| 14 | shim-policy | The shim project measures its "MOK" certificates and hashes into this PCR. |
| 15 | system-identity | systemd-cryptsetup(8) optionally measures the volume key of activated LUKS volumes into this PCR. systemd-pcrmachine.service(8) measures the machine-id(5) into this PCR. systemd-pcrfs@.service(8) measures mount points, file system UUIDs, labels, partition UUIDs of the root and /var/ filesystems into this PCR. |
| 16 | debug | Debug |
| 23 | application-support | Application Support |
In general, encrypted volumes would be bound to some combination of PCRs 7, 11, and 14 (if shim/MOK is used). In order to allow firmware and OS version updates, it is typically not advisable to use PCRs such as 0 and 2, since the program code they cover should already be covered indirectly through the certificates measured into PCR 7. Validation through certificates hashes is typically preferable over validation through direct measurements as it is less brittle in context of OS/firmware updates: the measurements will change on every update, but signatures should remain unchanged. See the Linux TPM PCR Registry for more discussion.
Note that currently when enrolling a new key of one of the five supported types listed above, it is required to first provide a passphrase, a recovery key or a FIDO2 token. It's currently not supported to unlock a device with a TPM2/PKCS#11 key in order to enroll a new TPM2/PKCS#11 key. Thus, if in future key roll-over is desired it's generally recommended to ensure a passphrase, a recovery key or a FIDO2 token is always enrolled.
Also note that support for enrolling multiple FIDO2 tokens is currently limited. When multiple FIDO2 tokens are enrolled, systemd-cryptseup will perform pre-flight requests to attempt to identify which of the enrolled tokens are currently plugged in. However, this is not possible for FIDO2 tokens with user verification (UV, usually via biometrics), in which case it will fall back to attempting each enrolled token one by one. This will result in multiple prompts for PIN and user verification. This limitation does not apply to PKCS#11 tokens.
The following options are understood:
--password¶Enroll a regular password/passphrase. This command is mostly equivalent to
cryptsetup luksAddKey, however may be combined with
--wipe-slot= in one call, see below.
--recovery-key¶Enroll a recovery key. Recovery keys are mostly identical to passphrases, but are computer-generated instead of being chosen by a human, and thus have a guaranteed high entropy. The key uses a character set that is easy to type in, and may be scanned off screen via a QR code.
--unlock-key-file=PATH¶Use a file instead of a password/passphrase read from stdin to unlock the volume.
Expects the PATH to the file containing your key to unlock the volume. Currently there is nothing like
--key-file-offset= or --key-file-size= so this file has to only
contain the full key.
--unlock-fido2-device=PATH¶Use a FIDO2 device instead of a password/passphrase read from stdin to unlock the
volume. Expects a hidraw device referring to the FIDO2 device (e.g.
/dev/hidraw1). Alternatively the special value "auto" may be
specified, in order to automatically determine the device node of a currently plugged in security
token (of which there must be exactly one). This automatic discovery is unsupported if
--fido2-device= option is also specified.
--pkcs11-token-uri=URI¶Enroll a PKCS#11 security token or smartcard (e.g. a YubiKey). Expects a PKCS#11
smartcard URI referring to the token. Alternatively the special value "auto" may
be specified, in order to automatically determine the URI of a currently plugged in security token
(of which there must be exactly one). The special value "list" may be used to
enumerate all suitable PKCS#11 tokens currently plugged in. The security token must contain an RSA
key pair which is used to encrypt the randomly generated key that is used to unlock the LUKS2
volume. The encrypted key is then stored in the LUKS2 JSON token header area.
In order to unlock a LUKS2 volume with an enrolled PKCS#11 security token, specify the
pkcs11-uri= option in the respective /etc/crypttab line:
myvolume /dev/sda1 - pkcs11-uri=auto
See
crypttab(5) for a
more comprehensive example of a systemd-cryptenroll invocation and its matching
/etc/crypttab line.
--fido2-credential-algorithm=STRING¶Specify COSE algorithm used in credential generation. The default value is
"es256". Supported values are "es256", "rs256"
and "eddsa".
"es256" denotes ECDSA over NIST P-256 with SHA-256. "rs256"
denotes 2048-bit RSA with PKCS#1.5 padding and SHA-256. "eddsa" denotes
EDDSA over Curve25519 with SHA-512.
Note that your authenticator may not support some algorithms.
--fido2-device=PATH¶Enroll a FIDO2 security token that implements the "hmac-secret"
extension (e.g. a YubiKey). Expects a hidraw device referring to the FIDO2
device (e.g. /dev/hidraw1). Alternatively the special value
"auto" may be specified, in order to automatically determine the device node of a
currently plugged in security token (of which there must be exactly one). This automatic discovery
is unsupported if --unlock-fido2-device= option is also specified. The special value
"list" may be used to enumerate all suitable FIDO2 tokens currently plugged in. Note
that many hardware security tokens that implement FIDO2 also implement the older PKCS#11
standard. Typically FIDO2 is preferable, given it's simpler to use and more modern.
In order to unlock a LUKS2 volume with an enrolled FIDO2 security token, specify the
fido2-device= option in the respective /etc/crypttab line:
myvolume /dev/sda1 - fido2-device=auto
See
crypttab(5) for a
more comprehensive example of a systemd-cryptenroll invocation and its matching
/etc/crypttab line.
--fido2-with-client-pin=BOOL¶When enrolling a FIDO2 security token, controls whether to require the user to enter
a PIN when unlocking the volume (the FIDO2 "clientPin" feature). Defaults to
"yes". (Note: this setting is without effect if the security token does not support
the "clientPin" feature at all, or does not allow enabling or disabling
it.)
--fido2-with-user-presence=BOOL¶When enrolling a FIDO2 security token, controls whether to require the user to
verify presence (tap the token, the FIDO2 "up" feature) when unlocking the volume.
Defaults to "yes". (Note: this setting is without effect if the security token does not support
the "up" feature at all, or does not allow enabling or disabling it.)
--fido2-with-user-verification=BOOL¶When enrolling a FIDO2 security token, controls whether to require user verification
when unlocking the volume (the FIDO2 "uv" feature). Defaults to
"no". (Note: this setting is without effect if the security token does not support
the "uv" feature at all, or does not allow enabling or disabling it.)
--tpm2-device=PATH¶Enroll a TPM2 security chip. Expects a device node path referring to the TPM2 chip
(e.g. /dev/tpmrm0). Alternatively the special value "auto" may
be specified, in order to automatically determine the device node of a currently discovered TPM2
device (of which there must be exactly one). The special value "list" may be used to
enumerate all suitable TPM2 devices currently discovered.
In order to unlock a LUKS2 volume with an enrolled TPM2 security chip, specify the
tpm2-device= option in the respective /etc/crypttab line:
myvolume /dev/sda1 - tpm2-device=auto
See
crypttab(5) for a
more comprehensive example of a systemd-cryptenroll invocation and its matching
/etc/crypttab line.
Use --tpm2-pcrs= (see below) to configure which TPM2 PCR indexes to bind the
enrollment to.
--tpm2-pcrs= [PCR...]¶Configures the TPM2 PCRs (Platform Configuration Registers) to bind to when
enrollment is requested via --tpm2-device=. Takes a list of PCR names or numeric
indices in the range 0…23. Multiple PCR indexes are separated by "+". If not
specified, the default is to use PCR 7 only. If an empty string is specified, binds the enrollment to
no PCRs at all. See the table above for a list of available PCRs.
Example: --tpm2-pcrs=boot-loader-code+platform-config+boot-loader-config
specifies that PCR registers 4, 1, and 5 should be used.
--tpm2-with-pin=BOOL¶When enrolling a TPM2 device, controls whether to require the user to enter a PIN
when unlocking the volume in addition to PCR binding, based on TPM2 policy authentication. Defaults
to "no". Despite being called PIN, any character can be used, not just numbers.
Note that incorrect PIN entry when unlocking increments the TPM dictionary attack lockout mechanism, and may lock out users for a prolonged time, depending on its configuration. The lockout mechanism is a global property of the TPM, systemd-cryptenroll does not control or configure the lockout mechanism. You may use tpm2-tss tools to inspect or configure the dictionary attack lockout, with tpm2_getcap(1) and tpm2_dictionarylockout(1) commands, respectively.
--tpm2-public-key= [PATH], --tpm2-public-key-pcrs= [PCR...], --tpm2-signature= [PATH]¶Configures a TPM2 signed PCR policy to bind encryption to. The
--tpm2-public-key= option accepts a path to a PEM encoded RSA public key, to bind
the encryption to. If this is not specified explicitly, but a file
tpm2-pcr-public-key.pem exists in one of the directories
/etc/systemd/, /run/systemd/,
/usr/lib/systemd/ (searched in this order), it is automatically used. The
--tpm2-public-key-pcrs= option takes a list of TPM2 PCR indexes to bind to (same
syntax as --tpm2-pcrs= described above). If not specified defaults to 11 (i.e. this
binds the policy to any unified kernel image for which a PCR signature can be provided).
Note the difference between --tpm2-pcrs= and
--tpm2-public-key-pcrs=: the former binds decryption to the current, specific PCR
values; the latter binds decryption to any set of PCR values for which a signature by the specified
public key can be provided. The latter is hence more useful in scenarios where software updates shell
be possible without losing access to all previously encrypted LUKS2 volumes. Like with
--tpm2-pcrs=, names defined in the table above can also be used to specify the
registers, for instance
--tpm2-public-key-pcrs=boot-loader-code+system-identity.
The --tpm2-signature= option takes a path to a TPM2 PCR signature file as
generated by the
systemd-measure(1)
tool. If this is not specified explicitly, a suitable signature file
tpm2-pcr-signature.json is searched for in /etc/systemd/,
/run/systemd/, /usr/lib/systemd/ (in this order) and used.
If a signature file is specified or found it is used to verify if the volume can be unlocked with it
given the current PCR state, before the new slot is written to disk. This is intended as safety net
to ensure that access to a volume is not lost if a public key is enrolled for which no valid
signature for the current PCR state is available. If the supplied signature does not unlock the
current PCR state and public key combination, no slot is enrolled and the operation will fail. If no
signature file is specified or found no such safety verification is done.
--wipe-slot= [SLOT...]¶Wipes one or more LUKS2 key slots. Takes a comma separated list of numeric slot
indexes, or the special strings "all" (for wiping all key slots),
"empty" (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by an empty passphrase),
"password" (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by a traditional passphrase),
"recovery" (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by a recovery key),
"pkcs11" (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by a PKCS#11 token),
"fido2" (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by a FIDO2 token),
"tpm2" (for wiping all key slots that are unlocked by a TPM2 chip), or any
combination of these strings or numeric indexes, in which case all slots matching either are
wiped. As safety precaution an operation that wipes all slots without exception (so that the volume
cannot be unlocked at all anymore, unless the volume key is known) is refused.
This switch may be used alone, in which case only the requested wipe operation is executed. It may also be used in combination with any of the enrollment options listed above, in which case the enrollment is completed first, and only when successful the wipe operation executed — and the newly added slot is always excluded from the wiping. Combining enrollment and slot wiping may thus be used to update existing enrollments:
systemd-cryptenroll /dev/sda1 --wipe-slot=tpm2 --tpm2-device=auto
The above command will enroll the TPM2 chip, and then wipe all previously created TPM2 enrollments on the LUKS2 volume, leaving only the newly created one. Combining wiping and enrollment may also be used to replace enrollments of different types, for example for changing from a PKCS#11 enrollment to a FIDO2 one:
systemd-cryptenroll /dev/sda1 --wipe-slot=pkcs11 --fido2-device=auto
Or for replacing an enrolled empty password by TPM2:
systemd-cryptenroll /dev/sda1 --wipe-slot=empty --tpm2-device=auto
-h, --help¶--version¶