systemd.network — Network configuration
network.network
A plain ini-style text file that encodes network configuration for matching network interfaces, used by systemd-networkd(8). See systemd.syntax(7) for a general description of the syntax.
The main network file must have the extension .network; other
extensions are ignored. Networks are applied to links whenever the links appear.
The .network files are read from the files located in the system network
directories /usr/lib/systemd/network and
/usr/local/lib/systemd/network
[1],
the volatile runtime network directory /run/systemd/network and the local
administration network directory /etc/systemd/network. All configuration files are
collectively sorted and processed in alphanumeric order, regardless of the directories in which they
live. However, files with identical filenames replace each other. It is recommended that each filename is
prefixed with a number smaller than "70" (e.g. 10-eth0.network).
Otherwise, the default .network files or those generated by
systemd-network-generator.service(8)
may take precedence over user configured files. Files in /etc/ have the highest
priority, files in /run/ take precedence over files with the same name under
/usr/. This can be used to override a system-supplied configuration file with
a local file if needed. As a special case, an empty file (file size 0) or symlink with the same
name pointing to /dev/null disables the configuration file entirely (it is
"masked").
Along with the network file foo.network, a "drop-in" directory
foo.network.d/ may exist. All files with the suffix
".conf" from this directory will be merged in the alphanumeric order and parsed
after the main file itself has been parsed. This is useful to alter or add configuration settings,
without having to modify the main configuration file. Each drop-in file must have appropriate
section headers.
In addition to /etc/systemd/network, drop-in ".d"
directories can be placed in /usr/lib/systemd/network or
/run/systemd/network directories. Drop-in files in
/etc/ take precedence over those in /run/ which in turn
take precedence over those in /usr/lib/. Drop-in files under any of these
directories take precedence over the main network file wherever located.
The network file contains a [Match] section, which determines if a given network file may be applied to a given interface; and a [Network] section specifying how the interface should be configured. The first (in alphanumeric order) of the network files that matches a given interface is applied, all later files are ignored, even if they match as well.
Note that any network interfaces that have the ID_NET_MANAGED_BY= udev property
set will never be matched by any .network files – unless the property's value is the string
"io.systemd.Network" – even if the [Match] section would otherwise match. This may be
used to exclude specific network interfaces from systemd-networkd's management, while
keeping the [Match] section generic. The ID_NET_MANAGED_BY= property thus declares
intended ownership of the device, and permits ensuring that concurrent network
management implementations do not compete for management of specific devices.
A network file is said to match a network interface if all matches specified by the [Match] section are satisfied. When a network file does not contain valid settings in [Match] section, then the file will match all interfaces and systemd-networkd warns about that. Hint: to avoid the warning and to make it clear that all interfaces shall be matched, add the following:
Name=*
The following keys are accepted:
MACAddress=¶A whitespace-separated list of hardware addresses. The acceptable formats are:
colon-delimited hexadecimal¶
Each field must be one byte.
E.g. "12:34:56:78:90:ab" or "AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF".
hyphen-delimited hexadecimal¶
Each field must be one byte.
E.g. "12-34-56-78-90-ab" or "AA-BB-CC-DD-EE-FF".
dot-delimited hexadecimal¶
Each field must be two bytes.
E.g. "1234.5678.90ab" or "AABB.CCDD.EEFF".
IPv4 address format¶
E.g. "127.0.0.1" or "192.168.0.1".
IPv6 address format¶
E.g. "2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334" or "::1".
The total length of each MAC address must be 4 (for IPv4 tunnel), 6 (for Ethernet), 16 (for IPv6 tunnel), or 20 (for InfiniBand). This option may appear more than once, in which case the lists are merged. If the empty string is assigned to this option, the list of hardware addresses defined prior to this is reset. Defaults to unset.
PermanentMACAddress=¶A whitespace-separated list of hardware's permanent addresses. While
MACAddress= matches the device's current MAC address, this matches the
device's permanent MAC address, which may be different from the current one. Use full
colon-, hyphen- or dot-delimited hexadecimal, or IPv4 or IPv6 address format. This option may
appear more than once, in which case the lists are merged. If the empty string is assigned to
this option, the list of hardware addresses defined prior to this is reset. Defaults to
unset.
Path=¶A whitespace-separated list of shell-style globs matching
the persistent path, as exposed by the udev property
ID_PATH.
Driver=¶A whitespace-separated list of shell-style globs matching the driver currently bound to the
device, as exposed by the udev property ID_NET_DRIVER of its parent device, or
if that is not set, the driver as exposed by ethtool -i of the device itself.
If the list is prefixed with a "!", the test is inverted.
Type=¶A whitespace-separated list of shell-style globs matching the device type, as exposed by
networkctl list. If the list is prefixed with a "!", the test is inverted.
Some valid values are "ether", "loopback", "wlan", "wwan".
Valid types are named either from the udev "DEVTYPE" attribute, or
"ARPHRD_" macros in linux/if_arp.h, so this is not comprehensive.
Kind=¶A whitespace-separated list of shell-style globs matching the device kind, as exposed by
networkctl status INTERFACE or
ip -d link show INTERFACE. If the list is
prefixed with a "!", the test is inverted. Some valid values are "bond",
"bridge", "gre", "tun",
"veth". Valid kinds are given by netlink's "IFLA_INFO_KIND"
attribute, so this is not comprehensive.
Property=¶A whitespace-separated list of udev property names with their values after equals sign
("="). If multiple properties are specified, the test results are ANDed.
If the list is prefixed with a "!", the test is inverted. If a value contains white
spaces, then please quote whole key and value pair. If a value contains quotation, then
please escape the quotation with "\".
Example: if a .link file has the following:
Property=ID_MODEL_ID=9999 "ID_VENDOR_FROM_DATABASE=vendor name" "KEY=with \"quotation\""
then, the .link file matches only when an interface has all the above three properties.
Name=¶A whitespace-separated list of shell-style globs matching the device name, as exposed
by the udev property "INTERFACE", or device's alternative names. If the
list is prefixed with a "!", the test is inverted.
WLANInterfaceType=¶A whitespace-separated list of wireless network type. Supported values are
"ad-hoc", "station", "ap",
"ap-vlan", "wds", "monitor",
"mesh-point", "p2p-client", "p2p-go",
"p2p-device", "ocb", and "nan". If the
list is prefixed with a "!", the test is inverted.
SSID=¶A whitespace-separated list of shell-style globs matching the SSID of the currently connected wireless LAN. If the list is prefixed with a "!", the test is inverted.
BSSID=¶A whitespace-separated list of hardware address of the currently connected wireless
LAN. Use full colon-, hyphen- or dot-delimited hexadecimal. See the example in
MACAddress=. This option may appear more than once, in which case the
lists are merged. If the empty string is assigned to this option, the list is reset.
Host=¶Matches against the hostname or machine ID of the host. See ConditionHost= in
systemd.unit(5)
for details. When prefixed with an exclamation mark ("!"), the result is negated.
If an empty string is assigned, the previously assigned value is cleared.
Virtualization=¶Checks whether the system is executed in a virtualized environment and optionally test
whether it is a specific implementation. See ConditionVirtualization= in
systemd.unit(5)
for details. When prefixed with an exclamation mark ("!"), the result is negated.
If an empty string is assigned, the previously assigned value is cleared.
KernelCommandLine=¶Checks whether a specific kernel command line option is set. See
ConditionKernelCommandLine= in
systemd.unit(5)
for details. When prefixed with an exclamation mark ("!"), the result is negated.
If an empty string is assigned, the previously assigned value is cleared.
KernelVersion=¶Checks whether the kernel version (as reported by uname -r) matches a certain
expression. See ConditionKernelVersion= in
systemd.unit(5) for
details. When prefixed with an exclamation mark ("!"), the result is negated.
If an empty string is assigned, the previously assigned value is cleared.
Credential=¶Checks whether the specified credential was passed to the
systemd-udevd.service service. See System and Service Credentials for details. When
prefixed with an exclamation mark ("!"), the result is negated. If an empty
string is assigned, the previously assigned value is cleared.
Architecture=¶Checks whether the system is running on a specific architecture. See
ConditionArchitecture= in
systemd.unit(5)
for details. When prefixed with an exclamation mark ("!"), the result is negated.
If an empty string is assigned, the previously assigned value is cleared.
Firmware=¶Checks whether the system is running on a machine with the specified firmware. See
ConditionFirmware= in
systemd.unit(5)
for details. When prefixed with an exclamation mark ("!"), the result is negated.
If an empty string is assigned, the previously assigned value is cleared.
The [Link] section accepts the following keys:
MACAddress=¶The hardware address to set for the device.
MTUBytes=¶The maximum transmission unit in bytes to set for the device. The usual suffixes K, M, G, are supported and are understood to the base of 1024.
Note that if IPv6 is enabled on the interface, and the MTU is chosen below 1280 (the minimum MTU for IPv6) it will automatically be increased to this value.
ARP=¶Takes a boolean. If set to true, the ARP (low-level Address Resolution Protocol) for this interface is enabled. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
For example, disabling ARP is useful when creating multiple MACVLAN or VLAN virtual interfaces atop a single lower-level physical interface, which will then only serve as a link/"bridge" device aggregating traffic to the same physical link and not participate in the network otherwise. Defaults to unset.
Multicast=¶Takes a boolean. If set to true, the multicast flag on the device is enabled. Defaults to unset.
AllMulticast=¶Takes a boolean. If set to true, the driver retrieves all multicast packets from the network. This happens when multicast routing is enabled. Defaults to unset.
Promiscuous=¶Takes a boolean. If set to true, promiscuous mode of the interface is enabled. Defaults to unset.
If this is set to false for the underlying link of a "passthru" mode
MACVLAN/MACVTAP, the virtual interface will be created with the "nopromisc"
flag set.
Unmanaged=¶Takes a boolean. When "yes", no attempts are made to bring up or
configure matching links, equivalent to when there are no matching network files. Defaults to
"no".
This is useful for preventing later matching network files from interfering with certain interfaces that are fully controlled by other applications.
Group=¶Link groups are similar to port ranges found in managed switches. When network interfaces are added to a numbered group, operations on all the interfaces from that group can be performed at once. Takes an unsigned integer in the range 0…2147483647. Defaults to unset.
RequiredForOnline=¶Takes a boolean, a minimum operational state (e.g., "carrier"), or a range
of operational state separated with a colon (e.g., "degraded:routable").
Please see
networkctl(1)
for possible operational states. When "yes", the network is deemed required
when determining whether the system is online (including when running
systemd-networkd-wait-online). When "no", the network is
ignored when determining the online state. When a minimum operational state and an optional
maximum operational state are set, systemd-networkd-wait-online deems that the
interface is online when the operational state is in the specified range.
Defaults to "yes" when ActivationPolicy= is not
set, or set to "up", "always-up", or
"bound". Defaults to "no" when
ActivationPolicy= is set to "manual" or
"down". This is forced to "no" when
ActivationPolicy= is set to "always-down".
The network will be brought up normally (as configured by
ActivationPolicy=), but in the event that there is no address being
assigned by DHCP or the cable is not plugged in, the link will simply remain offline and be
skipped automatically by systemd-networkd-wait-online if
"RequiredForOnline=no".
The boolean value "yes" is translated as follows;
This setting can be overridden by the command line option for systemd-networkd-wait-online. See systemd-networkd-wait-online.service(8) for more details.
RequiredFamilyForOnline=¶Takes an address family. When specified, an IP address in the given family is deemed
required when determining whether the link is online (including when running
systemd-networkd-wait-online). Takes one of "ipv4",
"ipv6", "both", or "any". Defaults to
"no". Note that this option has no effect if
"RequiredForOnline=no".
ActivationPolicy=¶Specifies the policy for systemd-networkd managing the link
administrative state. Specifically, this controls how systemd-networkd
changes the network device's "IFF_UP" flag, which is sometimes
controlled by system administrators by running e.g.,
ip link set dev eth0 up or ip link set dev eth0 down,
and can also be changed with networkctl up eth0 or
networkctl down eth0.
Takes one of "up", "always-up",
"manual", "always-down", "down",
or "bound". When "manual",
systemd-networkd will not change the link's admin state automatically;
the system administrator must bring the interface up or down manually, as desired. When
"up" (the default) or "always-up", or
"down" or "always-down",
systemd-networkd will set the link up or down, respectively, when the
interface is (re)configured. When "always-up" or
"always-down", systemd-networkd will set the link up or
down, respectively, any time systemd-networkd detects a change in the
administrative state. When BindCarrier= is also set, this is automatically
set to "bound" and any other value is ignored.
When the policy is set to "down" or "manual", the
default value of RequiredForOnline= is "no". When the
policy is set to "always-down", the value of
RequiredForOnline= forced to "no".
The administrative state is not the same as the carrier state, so using
"always-up" does not mean the link will never lose carrier. The link carrier
depends on both the administrative state as well as the network device's physical connection.
However, to avoid reconfiguration failures, when using "always-up",
IgnoreCarrierLoss= is forced to true.
The [SR-IOV] section accepts the following keys. Specify several [SR-IOV] sections to configure several SR-IOVs. SR-IOV provides the ability to partition a single physical PCI resource into virtual PCI functions which can then be injected into a VM. In the case of network VFs, SR-IOV improves north-south network performance (that is, traffic with endpoints outside the host machine) by allowing traffic to bypass the host machine’s network stack.
VirtualFunction=¶Specifies a Virtual Function (VF), lightweight PCIe function designed solely to move data in and out. Takes an integer in the range 0…2147483646. This option is compulsory.
VLANId=¶Specifies VLAN ID of the virtual function. Takes an integer in the range 1…4095.
QualityOfService=¶Specifies quality of service of the virtual function. Takes an integer in the range 1…4294967294.
VLANProtocol=¶Specifies VLAN protocol of the virtual function. Takes "802.1Q" or
"802.1ad".
MACSpoofCheck=¶Takes a boolean. Controls the MAC spoof checking. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
QueryReceiveSideScaling=¶Takes a boolean. Toggle the ability of querying the receive side scaling (RSS) configuration of the virtual function (VF). The VF RSS information like RSS hash key may be considered sensitive on some devices where this information is shared between VF and the physical function (PF). When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
Trust=¶Takes a boolean. Allows one to set trust mode of the virtual function (VF). When set, VF users can set a specific feature which may impact security and/or performance. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
LinkState=¶Allows one to set the link state of the virtual function (VF). Takes a boolean or a
special value "auto". Setting to "auto" means a
reflection of the physical function (PF) link state, "yes" lets the VF to
communicate with other VFs on this host even if the PF link state is down,
"no" causes the hardware to drop any packets sent by the VF. When unset,
the kernel's default will be used.
MACAddress=¶Specifies the MAC address for the virtual function.
The [Network] section accepts the following keys:
Description=¶A description of the device. This is only used for presentation purposes.
DHCP=¶Enables DHCPv4 and/or DHCPv6 client support. Accepts "yes",
"no", "ipv4", or "ipv6". Defaults to
"no".
Note that DHCPv6 will by default be triggered by Router Advertisements, if reception is
enabled, regardless of this parameter. By explicitly enabling DHCPv6 support here, the DHCPv6
client will be started in the mode specified by the WithoutRA= setting in the
[DHCPv6] section, regardless of the presence of routers on the link, or what flags the routers
pass. See IPv6AcceptRA=.
Furthermore, note that by default the domain name specified through DHCP is not used
for name resolution. See option UseDomains= below.
See the [DHCPv4] or [DHCPv6] sections below for further configuration options for the DHCP client support.
DHCPServer=¶Takes a boolean. If set to "yes", DHCPv4 server will be started.
Defaults to "no". Further settings for the DHCP server may be set in the
[DHCPServer] section described below.
Even if this is enabled, the DHCP server will not be started automatically and wait for the
persistent storage being ready to load/save leases in the storage, unless
RelayTarget= or PersistLeases=no are specified in the
[DHCPServer] section. It will be started after
systemd-networkd-persistent-storage.service is started, which calls
networkctl persistent-storage yes. See
networkctl(1)
for more details.
LinkLocalAddressing=¶Enables link-local address autoconfiguration. Accepts a boolean, ipv4,
and ipv6. An IPv6 link-local address is configured when yes
or ipv6. An IPv4 link-local address is configured when yes
or ipv4 and when DHCPv4 autoconfiguration has been unsuccessful for some time.
(IPv4 link-local address autoconfiguration will usually happen in parallel with repeated attempts
to acquire a DHCPv4 lease).
Defaults to no when KeepMaster= or
Bridge= is set or when the specified
MACVLAN=/MACVTAP= has Mode=passthru,
or ipv6 otherwise.
IPv6LinkLocalAddressGenerationMode=¶Specifies how IPv6 link-local address is generated. Takes one of
"eui64", "none", "stable-privacy" and
"random". When unset, "stable-privacy" is used if
IPv6StableSecretAddress= is specified, and if not,
"eui64" is used. Note that if LinkLocalAddressing= is
"no" or "ipv4", then
IPv6LinkLocalAddressGenerationMode= will be ignored. Also, even if
LinkLocalAddressing= is "yes" or "ipv6",
setting IPv6LinkLocalAddressGenerationMode=none
disables to configure an IPv6 link-local address.
IPv6StableSecretAddress=¶Takes an IPv6 address. The specified address will be used as a stable secret for
generating IPv6 link-local address. If this setting is specified, and
IPv6LinkLocalAddressGenerationMode= is unset, then
IPv6LinkLocalAddressGenerationMode=stable-privacy is implied.
If this setting is not specified, and "stable-privacy" is set to
IPv6LinkLocalAddressGenerationMode=,
then a stable secret address will be generated from the local machine ID and the interface
name.
IPv4LLStartAddress=¶Specifies the first IPv4 link-local address to try. Takes an IPv4 address for example 169.254.1.2, from the link-local address range: 169.254.0.0/16 except for 169.254.0.0/24 and 169.254.255.0/24. This setting may be useful if the device should always have the same address as long as there is no address conflict. When unset, a random address will be automatically selected. Defaults to unset.
IPv4LLRoute=¶Takes a boolean. If set to true, sets up the route needed for non-IPv4LL hosts to communicate with IPv4LL-only hosts. Defaults to false.
DefaultRouteOnDevice=¶Takes a boolean. If set to true, sets up the IPv4 default route bound to the interface. Defaults to false. This is useful when creating routes on point-to-point interfaces. This is equivalent to e.g. the following,
ip route add default dev veth99
or,
[Route] Gateway=0.0.0.0
Currently, there are no way to specify e.g., the table for the route configured by this setting. To configure the default route with such an additional property, please use the following instead:
[Route] Gateway=0.0.0.0 Table=1234
If you'd like to create an IPv6 default route bound to the interface, please use the following:
[Route] Gateway=:: Table=1234
LLMNR=¶Takes a boolean or "resolve". When true, enables
Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution
on the link. When set to "resolve", only resolution is enabled, but not host
registration and announcement. Defaults to true. This setting is read by
systemd-resolved.service(8).
MulticastDNS=¶Takes a boolean or "resolve". When true, enables
Multicast DNS support on the link.
When set to "resolve", only resolution is enabled, but not host or service
registration and announcement. Defaults to false. This setting is read by
systemd-resolved.service(8).
DNSOverTLS=¶Takes a boolean or "opportunistic". When true, enables
DNS-over-TLS support on the link.
When set to "opportunistic", compatibility with non-DNS-over-TLS servers is
increased, by automatically turning off DNS-over-TLS servers in this case. This option
defines a per-interface setting for
resolved.conf(5)'s
global DNSOverTLS= option. Defaults to unset, and the global setting will
be used. This setting is read by
systemd-resolved.service(8).
DNSSEC=¶Takes a boolean or "allow-downgrade". When true, enables
DNSSEC DNS validation support on the
link. When set to "allow-downgrade", compatibility with non-DNSSEC capable
networks is increased, by automatically turning off DNSSEC in this case. This option defines
a per-interface setting for
resolved.conf(5)'s
global DNSSEC= option. Defaults to unset, and the global setting will be
used. This setting is read by
systemd-resolved.service(8).
DNSSECNegativeTrustAnchors=¶A space-separated list of DNSSEC negative trust anchor domains. If specified and DNSSEC is enabled, look-ups done via the interface's DNS server will be subject to the list of negative trust anchors, and not require authentication for the specified domains, or anything below it. Use this to disable DNSSEC authentication for specific private domains, that cannot be proven valid using the Internet DNS hierarchy. Defaults to the empty list. This setting is read by systemd-resolved.service(8).
LLDP=¶Controls support for Ethernet LLDP packet reception. LLDP is a link-layer protocol
commonly implemented on professional routers and bridges which announces which physical port
a system is connected to, as well as other related data. Accepts a boolean or the special
value "routers-only". When true, incoming LLDP packets are accepted and a
database of all LLDP neighbors maintained. If "routers-only" is set only
LLDP data of various types of routers is collected and LLDP data about other types of devices
ignored (such as stations, telephones and others). If false, LLDP reception is disabled.
Defaults to "routers-only". Use
networkctl(1)
to query the collected neighbor data. LLDP is only available on Ethernet links. See
EmitLLDP= below for enabling LLDP packet emission from the local system.
EmitLLDP=¶Controls support for Ethernet LLDP packet emission. Accepts a boolean parameter or the
special values "nearest-bridge", "non-tpmr-bridge" and
"customer-bridge". Defaults to false, which turns off LLDP packet emission.
If not false, a short LLDP packet with information about the local system is sent out in
regular intervals on the link. The LLDP packet will contain information about the local
hostname, the local machine ID (as stored in
machine-id(5))
and the local interface name, as well as the pretty hostname of the system (as set in
machine-info(5)).
LLDP emission is only available on Ethernet links. Note that this setting passes data
suitable for identification of host to the network and should thus not be enabled on
untrusted networks, where such identification data should not be made available. Use this
option to permit other systems to identify on which interfaces they are connected to this
system. The three special values control propagation of the LLDP packets. The
"nearest-bridge" setting permits propagation only to the nearest connected
bridge, "non-tpmr-bridge" permits propagation across Two-Port MAC Relays,
but not any other bridges, and "customer-bridge" permits propagation until
a customer bridge is reached. For details about these concepts, see
IEEE 802.1AB-2016.
Note that configuring this setting to true is equivalent to
"nearest-bridge", the recommended and most restricted level of propagation.
See LLDP= above for an option to enable LLDP reception.
BindCarrier=¶A link name or a list of link names. When set, controls the behavior of the current link. When all links in the list are in an operational down state, the current link is brought down. When at least one link has carrier, the current interface is brought up.
This forces ActivationPolicy= to be set to "bound".
Address=¶A static IPv4 or IPv6 address and its prefix length, separated by a
"/" character. Specify this key more than once to configure several
addresses. The format of the address must be as described in
inet_pton(3).
This is a short-hand for an [Address] section only containing an Address key (see below).
This option may be specified more than once.
If the specified address is "0.0.0.0" (for IPv4) or
"::" (for IPv6), a new address range of the requested size is automatically
allocated from a system-wide pool of unused ranges. Note that the prefix length must be equal
or larger than 8 for IPv4, and 64 for IPv6. The allocated range is checked against all
current network interfaces and all known network configuration files to avoid address range
conflicts. The default system-wide pool consists of 192.168.0.0/16, 172.16.0.0/12 and
10.0.0.0/8 for IPv4, and fd00::/8 for IPv6. This functionality is useful to manage a large
number of dynamically created network interfaces with the same network configuration and
automatic address range assignment.
If an IPv4 link-local address (169.254.0.0/16) is specified, IPv4 Address Conflict
Detection (RFC 5227) is enabled for the
address. To assign an IPv4 link-local address without IPv4 Address Conflict Detection, please use
[Address] section to configure the address and disable DuplicateAddressDetection=.
[Address] Address=169.254.10.1/24 DuplicateAddressDetection=none
If an empty string is specified, then the all previous assignments in both [Network] and [Address] sections are cleared.
Gateway=¶The gateway address, which must be in the format described in
inet_pton(3).
This is a short-hand for a [Route] section only containing a Gateway= key.
This option may be specified more than once.
DNS=¶A DNS server address, which must be in the format described in
inet_pton(3).
This option may be specified more than once. Each address can optionally take a port number
separated with ":", a network interface name or index separated with
"%", and a Server Name Indication (SNI) separated with "#".
When IPv6 address is specified with a port number, then the address must be in the square
brackets. That is, the acceptable full formats are
"111.222.333.444:9953%ifname#example.com" for IPv4 and
"[1111:2222::3333]:9953%ifname#example.com" for IPv6. If an empty string is
assigned, then the all previous assignments are cleared. This setting is read by
systemd-resolved.service(8).
UseDomains=¶Specifies the protocol-independent default value for the same settings in
[IPv6AcceptRA], [DHCPv4], and [DHCPv6] sections below. Takes a boolean, or the special value
route. See also the same setting in [DHCPv4] below. Defaults to unset.
Domains=¶A whitespace-separated list of domains which should be resolved using the DNS servers
on this link. Each item in the list should be a domain name, optionally prefixed with a tilde
("~"). The domains with the prefix are called "routing-only domains". The
domains without the prefix are called "search domains" and are first used as search suffixes
for extending single-label hostnames (hostnames containing no dots) to become fully qualified
domain names (FQDNs). If a single-label hostname is resolved on this interface, each of the
specified search domains are appended to it in turn, converting it into a fully qualified
domain name, until one of them may be successfully resolved.
Both "search" and "routing-only" domains are used for routing of DNS queries: look-ups for hostnames ending in those domains (hence also single label names, if any "search domains" are listed), are routed to the DNS servers configured for this interface. The domain routing logic is particularly useful on multi-homed hosts with DNS servers serving particular private DNS zones on each interface.
The "routing-only" domain "~." (the tilde indicating definition of a
routing domain, the dot referring to the DNS root domain which is the implied suffix of all
valid DNS names) has special effect. It causes all DNS traffic which does not match another
configured domain routing entry to be routed to DNS servers specified for this interface.
This setting is useful to prefer a certain set of DNS servers if a link on which they are
connected is available.
This setting is read by
systemd-resolved.service(8).
"Search domains" correspond to the domain and search
entries in
resolv.conf(5).
Domain name routing has no equivalent in the traditional glibc API, which has no concept of
domain name servers limited to a specific link.
DNSDefaultRoute=¶Takes a boolean argument. If true, this link's configured DNS servers are used for
resolving domain names that do not match any link's configured Domains=
setting. If false, this link's configured DNS servers are never used for such domains, and
are exclusively used for resolving names that match at least one of the domains configured on
this link. If not specified defaults to an automatic mode: queries not matching any link's
configured domains will be routed to this link if it has no routing-only domains configured.
NTP=¶An NTP server address (either an IP address, or a hostname). This option may be specified more than once. This setting is read by systemd-timesyncd.service(8).
IPv4Forwarding=¶Configures IPv4 packet forwarding for the interface. Takes a boolean value. This controls the
net.ipv4.conf. sysctl option of
the network interface. See
IP Sysctl
for more details about the sysctl option. Defaults to true if INTERFACE.forwardingIPMasquerade= is
enabled for IPv4, otherwise the value specified to the same setting in
networkd.conf(5)
will be used. If none of them are specified, the sysctl option will not be changed.
To control the global setting, use the same setting in networkd.conf(5).
IPv6Forwarding=¶Configures interface-specific host/router behaviour. Takes a boolean value. This controls the
net.ipv6.conf. sysctl option of
the network interface. See
IP Sysctl
for more details about the sysctl option. Defaults to true if INTERFACE.forwardingIPMasquerade= is
enabled for IPv6 or IPv6SendRA= is enabled, otherwise the value specified to the
same setting in
networkd.conf(5)
will be used. If none of them are specified, the sysctl option will not be changed.
To control the global setting, use the same setting in networkd.conf(5).
Note, unlike IPv4Forwarding=, enabling per-interface
IPv6Forwarding= on two or more interfaces DOES NOT make IPv6
packets forwarded within the interfaces. This setting just controls the per-interface sysctl value,
and the sysctl value is not directly correlated to whether packets are forwarded. To ensure IPv6
packets forwarded, the global setting in
networkd.conf(5)
needs to be enabled.
IPMasquerade=¶Configures IP masquerading for the network interface. If enabled, packets forwarded
from the network interface will be appear as coming from the local host. Typically, this should be
enabled on the downstream interface of routers. Takes one of "ipv4",
"ipv6", "both", or "no". Defaults to
"no". Note. Any positive boolean values such as "yes" or
"true" are now deprecated. Please use one of the values above. Specifying
"ipv4" or "both" implies IPv4Forwarding=
settings in both .network file for this interface and the global
networkd.conf(5)
unless they are explicitly specified. Similarly for IPv6Forwarding= when
"ipv6" or "both" is specified. See
IPv4Forwarding=/IPv6Forwarding= in the above for the per-link
settings, and
networkd.conf(5)
for the global settings.
IPv6PrivacyExtensions=¶Configures use of stateless temporary addresses that change over time (see
RFC 4941,
Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6). Takes a boolean or the
special values "prefer-public" and "kernel". When true,
enables the privacy extensions and prefers temporary addresses over public addresses. When
"prefer-public", enables the privacy extensions, but prefers public
addresses over temporary addresses. When false, the privacy extensions remain disabled. When
"kernel", the kernel's default setting will be left in place. When unspecified,
the value specified in the same setting in
networkd.conf(5),
which defaults to "no", will be used.
IPv6AcceptRA=¶Takes a boolean. Controls IPv6 Router Advertisement (RA) reception support for the interface.
If true, RAs are accepted; if false, RAs are ignored. When RAs are accepted, they may trigger the
start of the DHCPv6 client if the relevant flags are set in the RA data, or if no routers are found
on the link. Defaults to false for bridge devices, when IP forwarding is enabled,
IPv6SendRA= or KeepMaster= is enabled. Otherwise, enabled by
default. Cannot be enabled on devices aggregated in a bond device or when link-local addressing is
disabled.
Further settings for the IPv6 RA support may be configured in the [IPv6AcceptRA] section, see below.
Also see
IP Sysctl
in the kernel documentation regarding "accept_ra", but note that systemd's
setting of 1 (i.e. true) corresponds to kernel's setting of
2.
Note that kernel's implementation of the IPv6 RA protocol is always disabled, regardless of this setting. If this option is enabled, a userspace implementation of the IPv6 RA protocol is used, and the kernel's own implementation remains disabled, since systemd-networkd needs to know all details supplied in the advertisements, and these are not available from the kernel if the kernel's own implementation is used.
IPv6DuplicateAddressDetection=¶Configures the amount of IPv6 Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) probes to send. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
IPv6HopLimit=¶Configures IPv6 Hop Limit. Takes an integer in the range 1…255. For each router that forwards the packet, the hop limit is decremented by 1. When the hop limit field reaches zero, the packet is discarded. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
IPv6RetransmissionTimeSec=¶Configures IPv6 Retransmission Time. The time between retransmitted Neighbor Solicitation messages. Used by address resolution and the Neighbor Unreachability Detection algorithm. A value of zero is ignored and the kernel's current value will be used. Defaults to unset, and the kernel's current value will be used.
IPv4ReversePathFilter=¶Configure IPv4 Reverse Path Filtering. If enabled, when an IPv4 packet is received, the machine will first check
whether the source of the packet would be routed through the interface it came in. If there is no
route to the source on that interface, the machine will drop the packet. Takes one of
"no", "strict", or "loose". When "no",
no source validation will be done. When "strict", mode each incoming packet is tested against the FIB and
if the incoming interface is not the best reverse path, the packet check will fail. By default failed packets are discarded.
When "loose", mode each incoming packet's source address is tested against the FIB. The packet is dropped
only if the source address is not reachable via any interface on that router.
See RFC 3704.
When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
IPv4AcceptLocal=¶Takes a boolean. Accept packets with local source addresses. In combination with suitable routing, this can be used to direct packets between two local interfaces over the wire and have them accepted properly. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
IPv4RouteLocalnet=¶Takes a boolean. When true, the kernel does not consider loopback addresses as martian source or destination while routing. This enables the use of 127.0.0.0/8 for local routing purposes. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
IPv4ProxyARP=¶Takes a boolean. Configures proxy ARP for IPv4. Proxy ARP is the technique in which one host, usually a router, answers ARP requests intended for another machine. By "faking" its identity, the router accepts responsibility for routing packets to the "real" destination. See RFC 1027. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
IPv4ProxyARPPrivateVLAN=¶Takes a boolean. Configures proxy ARP private VLAN for IPv4, also known as VLAN aggregation, private VLAN, source-port filtering, port-isolation, or MAC-forced forwarding.
This variant of the ARP proxy technique will allow the ARP proxy to reply back to the same interface.
See RFC 3069. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
IPv6ProxyNDP=¶Takes a boolean. Configures proxy NDP for IPv6. Proxy NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol) is a technique for IPv6 to allow routing of addresses to a different destination when peers expect them to be present on a certain physical link. In this case a router answers Neighbour Advertisement messages intended for another machine by offering its own MAC address as destination. Unlike proxy ARP for IPv4, it is not enabled globally, but will only send Neighbour Advertisement messages for addresses in the IPv6 neighbor proxy table, which can also be shown by ip -6 neighbour show proxy. systemd-networkd will control the per-interface `proxy_ndp` switch for each configured interface depending on this option. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
IPv6ProxyNDPAddress=¶An IPv6 address, for which Neighbour Advertisement messages will be proxied. This
option may be specified more than once. systemd-networkd will add the
IPv6ProxyNDPAddress= entries to the kernel's IPv6 neighbor proxy table.
This setting implies IPv6ProxyNDP=yes but has no effect if
IPv6ProxyNDP= has been set to false. When unset, the kernel's default will
be used.
IPv6SendRA=¶Whether to enable or disable Router Advertisement sending on a link. Takes a boolean
value. When enabled, prefixes configured in [IPv6Prefix] sections and routes configured in
the [IPv6RoutePrefix] sections are distributed as defined in the [IPv6SendRA] section. If
DHCPPrefixDelegation= is enabled, then the delegated prefixes are also
distributed. See DHCPPrefixDelegation= setting and the [IPv6SendRA],
[IPv6Prefix], [IPv6RoutePrefix], and [DHCPPrefixDelegation] sections for more configuration
options.
If enabled, IPv6Forwarding= on this interface is also enabled, unless
the setting is explicitly specified. See IPv6Forwarding= in the above for more
details.
DHCPPrefixDelegation=¶Takes a boolean value. When enabled, requests subnet prefixes on another link via the DHCPv6
protocol or via the 6RD option in the DHCPv4 protocol. An address within each delegated prefix will
be assigned, and the prefixes will be announced through IPv6 Router Advertisement if
IPv6SendRA= is enabled. This behaviour can be configured in the
[DHCPPrefixDelegation] section. Defaults to disabled.
IPv6MTUBytes=¶Configures IPv6 maximum transmission unit (MTU). An integer greater than or equal to 1280 bytes. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
KeepMaster=¶Takes a boolean value. When enabled, the current master interface index will not be
changed, and BatmanAdvanced=, Bond=,
Bridge=, and VRF= settings are ignored. This may be
useful when a netdev with a master interface is created by another program, e.g.
systemd-nspawn(1).
Defaults to false.
BatmanAdvanced=, Bond=, Bridge=, VRF=¶The name of the B.A.T.M.A.N. Advanced, bond, bridge, or VRF interface to add the link to. See systemd.netdev(5).
IPoIB=, IPVLAN=, IPVTAP=, MACsec=, MACVLAN=, MACVTAP=, Tunnel=, VLAN=, VXLAN=, Xfrm=¶The name of an IPoIB, IPVLAN, IPVTAP, MACsec, MACVLAN, MACVTAP, tunnel, VLAN, VXLAN, or Xfrm to be created on the link. See systemd.netdev(5). This option may be specified more than once.
ActiveSlave=¶Takes a boolean. Specifies the new active slave. The "ActiveSlave="
option is only valid for following modes: "active-backup",
"balance-alb", and "balance-tlb". Defaults to false.
PrimarySlave=¶Takes a boolean. Specifies which slave is the primary device. The specified device will
always be the active slave while it is available. Only when the primary is off-line will
alternate devices be used. This is useful when one slave is preferred over another, e.g.
when one slave has higher throughput than another. The "PrimarySlave="
option is only valid for following modes: "active-backup",
"balance-alb", and "balance-tlb". Defaults to false.
ConfigureWithoutCarrier=¶Takes a boolean. Allows networkd to configure a specific link even if it has no
carrier. Defaults to false. If enabled, and the IgnoreCarrierLoss= setting
is not explicitly set, then it is enabled as well.
With this enabled, to make the interface enter the "configured" state,
which is required to make systemd-networkd-wait-online work properly for the
interface, all dynamic address configuration mechanisms like DHCP= and
IPv6AcceptRA= (which is enabled by default in most cases) need to be disabled.
Also, DuplicateAddressDetection= (which is enabled by default for IPv4
link-local addresses and all IPv6 addresses) needs to be disabled for all static address
configurations. Otherwise, without carrier, the interface will be stuck in the
"configuring" state, and systemd-networkd-wait-online for the
interface will timeout. Also, it is recommended to set
RequiredForOnline=no-carrier to make
systemd-networkd-wait-online work for the interface.
IgnoreCarrierLoss=¶Takes a boolean or a timespan. When true, systemd-networkd retains
both the static and dynamic configuration of the interface even if its carrier is lost. When
false, systemd-networkd drops both the static and dynamic configuration of
the interface. When a timespan is specified, systemd-networkd waits for
the specified timespan, and ignores the carrier loss if the link regain its carrier within
the timespan. Setting 0 seconds is equivalent to "no", and
"infinite" is equivalent to "yes".
Setting a finite timespan may be useful when e.g. in the following cases:
A wireless interface connecting to a network which has multiple access points with the same SSID.
Enslaving a wireless interface to a bond interface, which may disconnect from the connected access point and causes its carrier to be lost.
The driver of the interface resets when the MTU is changed.
When Bond= is specified to a wireless interface, defaults to 3
seconds. When the DHCPv4 client is enabled and UseMTU= in the [DHCPv4]
section enabled, defaults to 5 seconds. Otherwise, defaults to the value specified with
ConfigureWithoutCarrier=. When ActivationPolicy= is set
to "always-up", this is forced to "yes", and ignored any
user specified values.
KeepConfiguration=¶Takes a boolean or one of "static", "dhcp-on-stop",
"dhcp". When "static", systemd-networkd
will not drop static addresses and routes on starting up process. When set to
"dhcp-on-stop", systemd-networkd will not drop addresses
and routes on stopping the daemon. When "dhcp",
the addresses and routes provided by a DHCP server will never be dropped even if the DHCP
lease expires. This is contrary to the DHCP specification, but may be the best choice if,
e.g., the root filesystem relies on this connection. The setting "dhcp"
implies "dhcp-on-stop", and "yes" implies
"dhcp" and "static". Defaults to
"dhcp-on-stop" when systemd-networkd is running in
initrd, "yes" when the root filesystem is a network filesystem, and
"no" otherwise.
An [Address] section accepts the following keys. Specify several [Address] sections to configure several addresses.
Address=¶As in the [Network] section. This setting is mandatory. Each [Address] section can
contain one Address= setting.
Peer=¶The peer address in a point-to-point connection. Accepts the same format as the
Address= setting.
Broadcast=¶Takes an IPv4 address or boolean value. The address must be in the format described in
inet_pton(3).
If set to true, then the IPv4 broadcast address will be derived from the
Address= setting. If set to false, then the broadcast address will not be
set. Defaults to true, except for wireguard interfaces, where it default to false.
Label=¶Specifies the label for the IPv4 address. The label must be a 7-bit ASCII string with a length of 1…15 characters. Defaults to unset.
PreferredLifetime=¶Allows the default "preferred lifetime" of the address to be overridden. Only three
settings are accepted: "forever", "infinity", which is the
default and means that the address never expires, and "0", which means that
the address is considered immediately "expired" and will not be used, unless explicitly
requested. A setting of PreferredLifetime=0 is useful for addresses which
are added to be used only by a specific application, which is then configured to use them
explicitly.
Scope=¶The scope of the address, which can be "global" (valid everywhere on
the network, even through a gateway), "link" (only valid on this device,
will not traverse a gateway) or "host" (only valid within the device itself,
e.g. 127.0.0.1) or an integer in the range 0…255. Defaults to "global".
IPv4 only - IPv6 scope is automatically assigned by the kernel and cannot be set manually.
RouteMetric=¶The metric of the prefix route, which is pointing to the subnet of the configured IP
address, taking the configured prefix length into account. Takes an unsigned integer in the
range 0…4294967295. When unset or set to 0, the kernel's default value is used. This
setting will be ignored when AddPrefixRoute= is false.
HomeAddress=¶Takes a boolean. Designates this address the "home address" as defined in RFC 6275. Supported only on IPv6. Defaults to false.
DuplicateAddressDetection=¶Takes one of "ipv4", "ipv6", "both",
or "none". When "ipv4", performs IPv4 Address Conflict
Detection. See RFC 5227.
When "ipv6", performs IPv6 Duplicate Address Detection. See
RFC 4862. Defaults to
"ipv4" for IPv4 link-local addresses (169.254.0.0/16), "ipv6"
for IPv6 addresses, and "none" otherwise.
ManageTemporaryAddress=¶Takes a boolean. If true the kernel manage temporary addresses created from this one as template on behalf of Privacy Extensions RFC 3041. For this to become active, the use_tempaddr sysctl setting has to be set to a value greater than zero. The given address needs to have a prefix length of 64. This flag allows using privacy extensions in a manually configured network, just like if stateless auto-configuration was active. Defaults to false.
AddPrefixRoute=¶Takes a boolean. When true, the prefix route for the address is automatically added. Defaults to true.
AutoJoin=¶Takes a boolean. Joining multicast group on ethernet level via
ip maddr command would not work if we have an Ethernet switch that does
IGMP snooping since the switch would not replicate multicast packets on ports that did not
have IGMP reports for the multicast addresses. Linux vxlan interfaces created via
ip link add vxlan or networkd's netdev kind vxlan have the group option
that enables them to do the required join. By extending ip address command
with option "autojoin" we can get similar functionality for openvswitch (OVS)
vxlan interfaces as well as other tunneling mechanisms that need to receive multicast traffic.
Defaults to "no".
NetLabel=label¶This setting provides a method for integrating static and dynamic network configuration into Linux NetLabel subsystem rules, used by Linux Security Modules (LSMs) for network access control. The label, with suitable LSM rules, can be used to control connectivity of (for example) a service with peers in the local network. At least with SELinux, only the ingress can be controlled but not egress. The benefit of using this setting is that it may be possible to apply interface independent part of NetLabel configuration at very early stage of system boot sequence, at the time when the network interfaces are not available yet, with netlabelctl(8), and the per-interface configuration with systemd-networkd once the interfaces appear later. Currently this feature is only implemented for SELinux.
The option expects a single NetLabel label. The label must conform to lexical restrictions of LSM labels. When an interface is configured with IP addresses, the addresses and subnetwork masks will be appended to the NetLabel Fallback Peer Labeling rules. They will be removed when the interface is deconfigured. Failures to manage the labels will be ignored.
Once labeling is enabled for network traffic, a lot of LSM access control points in Linux networking stack go from dormant to active. Care should be taken to avoid getting into a situation where for example remote connectivity is broken, when the security policy hasn't been updated to consider LSM per-packet access controls and no rules would allow any network traffic. Also note that additional configuration with netlabelctl(8) is needed.
Example:
[Address] NetLabel=system_u:object_r:localnet_peer_t:s0
With the example rules applying for interface "eth0", when the interface is
configured with an IPv4 address of 10.0.0.123/8, systemd-networkd performs the
equivalent of netlabelctl operation
netlabelctl unlbl add interface eth0 address:10.0.0.0/8 label:system_u:object_r:localnet_peer_t:s0
and the reverse operation when the IPv4 address is deconfigured. The configuration can be used with
LSM rules; in case of SELinux to allow a SELinux domain to receive data from objects of SELinux
"peer" class. For example:
type localnet_peer_t; allow my_server_t localnet_peer_t:peer recv;
The effect of the above configuration and rules (in absence of other rules as may be the case) is
to only allow "my_server_t" (and nothing else) to receive data from local subnet
10.0.0.0/8 of interface "eth0".
NFTSet=source:family:table:set¶This setting provides a method for integrating network configuration into firewall rules with NFT sets. The benefit of using the setting is that static network configuration (or dynamically obtained network addresses, see similar directives in other sections) can be used in firewall rules with the indirection of NFT set types. For example, access could be granted for hosts in the local subnetwork only. Firewall rules using IP address of an interface are also instantly updated when the network configuration changes, for example via DHCP.
This option expects a whitespace separated list of NFT set definitions. Each definition
consists of a colon-separated tuple of source type (one of "address",
"prefix" or "ifindex"), NFT address family (one of
"arp", "bridge", "inet", "ip",
"ip6", or "netdev"), table name and set name. The names of tables
and sets must conform to lexical restrictions of NFT table names. The type of the element used in
the NFT filter must match the type implied by the directive ("address",
"prefix" or "ifindex") and address type (IPv4 or IPv6) as shown
in the table below.
Table 1. Defined source type values
| Source type | Description | Corresponding NFT type name |
|---|---|---|
"address" | host IP address | "ipv4_addr" or "ipv6_addr" |
"prefix" | network prefix | "ipv4_addr" or "ipv6_addr", with "flags interval" |
"ifindex" | interface index | "iface_index" |
When an interface is configured with IP addresses, the addresses, subnetwork masks or interface index will be appended to the NFT sets. The information will be removed when the interface is deconfigured. systemd-networkd only inserts elements to (or removes from) the sets, so the related NFT rules, tables and sets must be prepared elsewhere in advance. Failures to manage the sets will be ignored.
Example:
[Address] NFTSet=prefix:netdev:filter:eth_ipv4_prefix
Corresponding NFT rules:
table netdev filter {
set eth_ipv4_prefix {
type ipv4_addr
flags interval
}
chain eth_ingress {
type filter hook ingress device "eth0" priority filter; policy drop;
ip daddr != @eth_ipv4_prefix drop
accept
}
}
A [Neighbor] section accepts the following keys. The neighbor section adds a permanent, static entry to the neighbor table (IPv6) or ARP table (IPv4) for the given hardware address on the links matched for the network. Specify several [Neighbor] sections to configure several static neighbors.
An [IPv6AddressLabel] section accepts the following keys. Specify several [IPv6AddressLabel] sections to configure several address labels. IPv6 address labels are used for address selection. See RFC 3484. Precedence is managed by userspace, and only the label itself is stored in the kernel.
An [RoutingPolicyRule] section accepts the following settings. Specify several [RoutingPolicyRule] sections to configure several rules.
TypeOfService=¶This specifies the Type of Service (ToS) field of packets to match; it takes an unsigned integer in the range 0…255. The field can be used to specify precedence (the first 3 bits) and ToS (the next 3 bits). The field can be also used to specify Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) (the first 6 bits) and Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) (the last 2 bits). See Type of Service and Differentiated services for more details.
From=¶Specifies the source address prefix to match. Possibly followed by a slash and the prefix length.
To=¶Specifies the destination address prefix to match. Possibly followed by a slash and the prefix length.
FirewallMark=¶Specifies the iptables firewall mark value to match (a number in the range
1…4294967295). Optionally, the firewall mask (also a number between 1…4294967295) can be
suffixed with a slash ("/"), e.g., "7/255".
Table=¶Specifies the routing table identifier to look up if the rule selector matches. Takes
one of predefined names "default", "main", and
"local", and names defined in RouteTable= in
networkd.conf(5),
or a number between 1 and 4294967295. Defaults to "main".
Ignored if L3MasterDevice= is true.
Priority=¶Specifies the priority of this rule. Priority= is an integer in the
range 0…4294967295. Higher number means lower priority, and rules get processed in order of
increasing number. Defaults to unset, and the kernel will pick a value dynamically.
IncomingInterface=¶Specifies incoming device to match. If the interface is loopback, the rule only matches packets originating from this host.
OutgoingInterface=¶Specifies the outgoing device to match. The outgoing interface is only available for packets originating from local sockets that are bound to a device.
L3MasterDevice=¶A boolean. Specifies whether the rule is to direct lookups to the tables associated with level 3 master devices (also known as Virtual Routing and Forwarding or VRF devices). For further details see Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF). Defaults to false.
SourcePort=¶Specifies the source IP port or IP port range match in forwarding information base (FIB) rules. A port range is specified by the lower and upper port separated by a dash. Defaults to unset.
DestinationPort=¶Specifies the destination IP port or IP port range match in forwarding information base (FIB) rules. A port range is specified by the lower and upper port separated by a dash. Defaults to unset.
IPProtocol=¶Specifies the IP protocol to match in forwarding information base (FIB) rules. Takes IP
protocol name such as "tcp", "udp" or
"sctp", or IP protocol number such as "6" for
"tcp" or "17" for "udp". Defaults to unset.
InvertRule=¶A boolean. Specifies whether the rule is to be inverted. Defaults to false.
Family=¶Takes a special value "ipv4", "ipv6", or
"both". By default, the address family is determined by the address
specified in To= or From=. If neither
To= nor From= are specified, then defaults to
"ipv4".
User=¶Takes a username, a user ID, or a range of user IDs separated by a dash. Defaults to unset.
SuppressPrefixLength=¶Takes a number N in the range 0…128 and rejects routing
decisions that have a prefix length of N or less. Defaults to
unset.
SuppressInterfaceGroup=¶Takes an integer in the range 0…2147483647 and rejects routing decisions that have
an interface with the same group id. It has the same meaning as
suppress_ifgroup in ip rule. Defaults to unset.
Type=¶Specifies Routing Policy Database (RPDB) rule type. Takes one of
"blackhole", "unreachable" or "prohibit".
The [NextHop] section is used to manipulate entries in the kernel's "nexthop" tables. The [NextHop] section accepts the following settings. Specify several [NextHop] sections to configure several hops.
Id=¶The id of the next hop. Takes an integer in the range 1…4294967295.
This is mandatory if ManageForeignNextHops=no is specified in
networkd.conf(5).
Otherwise, if unspecified, an unused ID will be automatically picked.
Gateway=¶As in the [Network] section.
Family=¶Takes one of the special values "ipv4" or "ipv6".
By default, the family is determined by the address specified in
Gateway=. If Gateway= is not specified, then defaults
to "ipv4".
OnLink=¶Takes a boolean. If set to true, the kernel does not have to check if the gateway is
reachable directly by the current machine (i.e., attached to the local network), so that we
can insert the nexthop in the kernel table without it being complained about. Defaults to
"no".
Blackhole=¶Takes a boolean. If enabled, packets to the corresponding routes are discarded
silently, and Gateway= cannot be specified. Defaults to
"no".
Group=¶Takes a whitespace separated list of nexthop IDs. Each ID must be in the range
1…4294967295. Optionally, each nexthop ID can take a weight after a colon
("id[:weight]Gateway=,
Family=, Blackhole=. This setting can be specified
multiple times. If an empty string is assigned, then the all previous assignments are
cleared. Defaults to unset.
The [Route] section accepts the following settings. Specify several [Route] sections to configure several routes.
Gateway=¶Takes the gateway address or the special values "_dhcp4" and
"_ipv6ra". If "_dhcp4" or "_ipv6ra" is
set, then the gateway address provided by DHCPv4 or IPv6 RA is used.
GatewayOnLink=¶Takes a boolean. If set to true, the kernel does not have to check if the gateway is
reachable directly by the current machine (i.e., attached to the local network), so that we
can insert the route in the kernel table without it being complained about. Defaults to
"no".
Destination=¶The destination prefix of the route. Possibly followed by a slash and the prefix length. If omitted, a full-length host route is assumed.
Source=¶The source prefix of the route. Possibly followed by a slash and the prefix length. If omitted, a full-length host route is assumed.
Metric=¶The metric of the route. Takes an unsigned integer in the range 0…4294967295. Defaults to unset, and the kernel's default will be used.
IPv6Preference=¶Specifies the route preference as defined in
RFC 4191 for Router Discovery
messages. Which can be one of "low" the route has a lowest priority,
"medium" the route has a default priority or "high" the
route has a highest priority.
Scope=¶The scope of the IPv4 route, which can be "global",
"site", "link", "host", or
"nowhere":
"global" means the route can reach hosts more than one hop away.
"site" means an interior route in the local autonomous system.
"link" means the route can only reach hosts on the local network
(one hop away).
"host" means the route will not leave the local machine (used for
internal addresses like 127.0.0.1).
"nowhere" means the destination doesn't exist.
For IPv4 route, defaults to "host" if Type= is
"local" or "nat", and "link" if
Type= is "broadcast", "multicast",
"anycast", or "unicast". In other cases,
defaults to "global". The value is not used for IPv6.
PreferredSource=¶The preferred source address of the route. The address must be in the format described in inet_pton(3).
Table=¶The table identifier for the route. Takes one of predefined names
"default", "main", and "local", and names
defined in RouteTable= in
networkd.conf(5),
or a number between 1 and 4294967295. The table can be retrieved using
ip route show table num. If unset and
Type= is "local", "broadcast",
"anycast", or "nat", then "local" is used.
In other cases, defaults to "main".
HopLimit=¶Configures per route hop limit. Takes an integer in the range 1…255. See also
IPv6HopLimit=.
Protocol=¶The protocol identifier for the route. Takes a number between 0 and 255 or the special
values "kernel", "boot", "static",
"ra" and "dhcp". Defaults to "static".
Type=¶Specifies the type for the route. Takes one of "unicast",
"local", "broadcast", "anycast",
"multicast", "blackhole", "unreachable",
"prohibit", "throw", "nat", and
"xresolve". If "unicast", a regular route is defined, i.e.
a route indicating the path to take to a destination network address. If
"blackhole", packets to the defined route are discarded silently. If
"unreachable", packets to the defined route are discarded and the ICMP
message "Host Unreachable" is generated. If "prohibit", packets to the
defined route are discarded and the ICMP message "Communication Administratively Prohibited"
is generated. If "throw", route lookup in the current routing table will
fail and the route selection process will return to Routing Policy Database (RPDB). Defaults
to "unicast".
InitialCongestionWindow=¶The TCP initial congestion window is used during the start of a TCP connection. During the start of a TCP session, when a client requests a resource, the server's initial congestion window determines how many packets will be sent during the initial burst of data without waiting for acknowledgement. Takes a number between 1 and 1023. Note that 100 is considered an extremely large value for this option. When unset, the kernel's default (typically 10) will be used.
InitialAdvertisedReceiveWindow=¶The TCP initial advertised receive window is the amount of receive data (in bytes) that can initially be buffered at one time on a connection. The sending host can send only that amount of data before waiting for an acknowledgment and window update from the receiving host. Takes a number between 1 and 1023. Note that 100 is considered an extremely large value for this option. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
QuickAck=¶Takes a boolean. When true, the TCP quick ACK mode for the route is enabled. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
FastOpenNoCookie=¶Takes a boolean. When true enables TCP fastopen without a cookie on a per-route basis. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
MTUBytes=¶The maximum transmission unit in bytes to set for the route. The usual suffixes K, M, G, are supported and are understood to the base of 1024.
TCPAdvertisedMaximumSegmentSize=¶Specifies the Path MSS (in bytes) hints given on TCP layer. The usual suffixes K, M, G, are supported and are understood to the base of 1024. An unsigned integer in the range 1…4294967294. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
TCPCongestionControlAlgorithm=¶Specifies the TCP congestion control algorithm for the route. Takes a name of the algorithm,
e.g. "bbr", "dctcp", or "vegas". When unset,
the kernel's default will be used.
TCPRetransmissionTimeoutSec=¶Specifies the TCP Retransmission Timeout (RTO) for the route. Takes time values in seconds. This value specifies the timeout of an alive TCP connection, when retransmissions remain unacknowledged. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
MultiPathRoute=address[@name] [weight]¶Configures multipath route. Multipath routing is the technique of using multiple
alternative paths through a network. Takes gateway address. Optionally, takes a network
interface name or index separated with "@", and a weight in 1..256 for this
multipath route separated with whitespace. This setting can be specified multiple times. If
an empty string is assigned, then the all previous assignments are cleared.
NextHop=¶Specifies the nexthop id. Takes an unsigned integer in the range 1…4294967295. If set, the corresponding [NextHop] section must be configured. Defaults to unset.
The [DHCPv4] section configures the DHCPv4 client, if it is enabled with the
DHCP= setting described above:
RequestAddress=¶Takes an IPv4 address. When specified, the Requested IP Address option (option code 50) is added with it to the initial DHCPDISCOVER message sent by the DHCP client. Defaults to unset, and an already assigned dynamic address to the interface is automatically picked.
SendHostname=¶When true (the default), the machine's hostname (or the value specified with
Hostname=, described below) will be sent to the DHCP server. Note that the
hostname must consist only of 7-bit ASCII lower-case characters and no spaces or dots, and be
formatted as a valid DNS domain name. Otherwise, the hostname is not sent even if this option
is true.
Hostname=¶Use this value for the hostname which is sent to the DHCP server, instead of machine's hostname. Note that the specified hostname must consist only of 7-bit ASCII lower-case characters and no spaces or dots, and be formatted as a valid DNS domain name.
MUDURL=¶When configured, the specified Manufacturer Usage Description (MUD) URL will be sent to the DHCPv4 server. Takes a URL of length up to 255 characters. A superficial verification that the string is a valid URL will be performed. DHCPv4 clients are intended to have at most one MUD URL associated with them. See RFC 8520.
MUD is an embedded software standard defined by the IETF that allows IoT device makers to advertise device specifications, including the intended communication patterns for their device when it connects to the network. The network can then use this to author a context-specific access policy, so the device functions only within those parameters.
ClientIdentifier=¶The DHCPv4 client identifier to use. Takes one of mac or
duid. If set to mac, the MAC address of the link is used. If set
to duid, an RFC4361-compliant Client ID, which is the combination of IAID and
DUID, is used. IAID can be configured by IAID=. DUID can be configured by
DUIDType= and DUIDRawData=. Defaults to
duid.
VendorClassIdentifier=¶The vendor class identifier used to identify vendor type and configuration.
UserClass=¶A DHCPv4 client can use UserClass option to identify the type or category of user or applications it represents. The information contained in this option is a string that represents the user class of which the client is a member. Each class sets an identifying string of information to be used by the DHCP service to classify clients. Takes a whitespace-separated list of strings.
DUIDType=¶Override the global DUIDType= setting for this network. See
networkd.conf(5)
for a description of possible values.
DUIDRawData=¶Override the global DUIDRawData= setting for this network. See
networkd.conf(5)
for a description of possible values.
IAID=¶The DHCP Identity Association Identifier (IAID) for the interface, a 32-bit unsigned integer.
RapidCommit=¶Takes a boolean. The DHCPv4 client can obtain configuration parameters from a DHCPv4 server
through a rapid two-message exchange (discover and ack). When the rapid commit option is set by
both the DHCPv4 client and the DHCPv4 server, the two-message exchange is used. Otherwise, the
four-message exchange (discover, offer, request, and ack) is used. The two-message exchange
provides faster client configuration. See
RFC 4039 for details.
Defaults to true when Anonymize=no and neither AllowList=
nor DenyList= is specified, and false otherwise.
Anonymize=¶Takes a boolean. When true, the options sent to the DHCP server will follow the RFC 7844 (Anonymity Profiles for DHCP Clients) to minimize disclosure of identifying information. Defaults to false.
This option should only be set to true when MACAddressPolicy= is set
to random (see
systemd.link(5)).
When true,
ClientIdentifier=mac,
RapidCommit=no,
SendHostname=no,
Use6RD=no,
UseCaptivePortal=no,
UseMTU=no,
UseNTP=no,
UseSIP=no, and
UseTimezone=no
are implied and these settings in the .network file are silently ignored. Also,
Hostname=,
MUDURL=,
RequestAddress=,
RequestOptions=,
SendOption=,
SendVendorOption=,
UserClass=, and
VendorClassIdentifier=
are silently ignored.
With this option enabled DHCP requests will mimic those generated by Microsoft Windows, in order to reduce the ability to fingerprint and recognize installations. This means DHCP request sizes will grow and lease data will be more comprehensive than normally, though most of the requested data is not actually used.
RequestOptions=¶Sets request options to be sent to the server in the DHCPv4 request options list. A whitespace-separated list of integers in the range 1…254. Defaults to unset.
SendOption=¶Send an arbitrary raw option in the DHCPv4 request. Takes a DHCP option number, data
type and data separated with a colon
("option:type:valueuint8", "uint16", "uint32",
"ipv4address", or "string". Special characters in the data
string may be escaped using
C-style
escapes. This setting can be specified multiple times. If an empty string is
specified, then all options specified earlier are cleared. Defaults to unset.
SendVendorOption=¶Send an arbitrary vendor option in the DHCPv4 request. Takes a DHCP option number, data
type and data separated with a colon
("option:type:valueuint8", "uint16", "uint32",
"ipv4address", or "string". Special characters in the data
string may be escaped using
C-style
escapes. This setting can be specified multiple times. If an empty string is specified,
then all options specified earlier are cleared. Defaults to unset.
IPServiceType=¶Takes one of the special values "none", "CS6", or
"CS4". When "none" no IP service type is set to the packet
sent from the DHCPv4 client. When "CS6" (network control) or
"CS4" (realtime), the corresponding service type will be set. Defaults to
"CS6".
SocketPriority=¶The Linux socket option SO_PRIORITY applied to the raw IP socket used for
initial DHCPv4 messages. Unset by default. Usual values range from 0 to 6.
More details about SO_PRIORITY socket option in
socket(7).
Can be used in conjunction with [VLAN] section EgressQOSMaps= setting of .netdev
file to set the 802.1Q VLAN ethernet tagged header priority, see
systemd.netdev(5).
Label=¶Specifies the label for the IPv4 address received from the DHCP server. The label must be a 7-bit ASCII string with a length of 1…15 characters. Defaults to unset.
UseDNS=¶When true (the default), the DNS servers received from the DHCP server will be used.
This corresponds to the nameserver option in
resolv.conf(5).
RoutesToDNS=¶When true, the routes to the DNS servers received from the DHCP server will be
configured. When UseDNS= is disabled, this setting is ignored. Defaults to
true.
UseNTP=¶When true (the default), the NTP servers received from the DHCP server will be used by
systemd-timesyncd.service.
RoutesToNTP=¶When true, the routes to the NTP servers received from the DHCP server will be
configured. When UseNTP= is disabled, this setting is ignored. Defaults to
true.
UseSIP=¶When true (the default), the SIP servers received from the DHCP server will be collected and made available to client programs.
UseCaptivePortal=¶When true (the default), the captive portal advertised by the DHCP server will be recorded and made available to client programs and displayed in the networkctl(1) status output per-link.
UseMTU=¶When true, the interface maximum transmission unit from the DHCP server will be used on
the current link. If MTUBytes= is set, then this setting is ignored.
Defaults to false.
Note, some drivers will reset the interfaces if the MTU is changed. For such
interfaces, please try to use IgnoreCarrierLoss= with a short timespan,
e.g. "3 seconds".
UseHostname=¶When true (the default), the hostname received from the DHCP server will be set as the transient hostname of the system.
UseDomains=¶Takes a boolean, or the special value route. When true, the domain name
received from the DHCP server will be used as DNS search domain over this link, similarly to the
effect of the Domains= setting. If set to route, the domain name
received from the DHCP server will be used for routing DNS queries only, but not for searching,
similarly to the effect of the Domains= setting when the argument is prefixed with
"~".
When unspecified, the value specified in the same setting in the [Network] section will be
used. When it is unspecified, the value specified in the same setting in the [DHCPv4] section in
networkd.conf(5)
will be used. When it is unspecified, the value specified in the same setting in the [Network]
section in
networkd.conf(5)
will be used. When none of them are specified, defaults to "no".
It is recommended to enable this option only on trusted networks, as setting this affects resolution of all hostnames, in particular of single-label names. It is generally safer to use the supplied domain only as routing domain, rather than as search domain, in order to not have it affect local resolution of single-label names.
When set to true, this setting corresponds to the domain option in
resolv.conf(5).
UseRoutes=¶When true (the default), the static routes will be requested from the DHCP server and
added to the routing table with a metric of 1024, and a scope of global,
link or host, depending on the route's destination and
gateway. If the destination is on the local host, e.g., 127.x.x.x, or the same as the link's
own address, the scope will be set to host. Otherwise if the gateway is null
(a direct route), a link scope will be used. For anything else, scope
defaults to global.
RouteMetric=¶Set the routing metric for routes specified by the DHCP server (including the prefix route added for the specified prefix). Takes an unsigned integer in the range 0…4294967295. Defaults to 1024.
RouteTable=num¶The table identifier for DHCP routes. Takes one of predefined names
"default", "main", and "local", and names
defined in RouteTable= in
networkd.conf(5),
or a number between 1…4294967295.
When used in combination with VRF=, the VRF's routing table is
used when this parameter is not specified.
RouteMTUBytes=¶Specifies the MTU for the DHCP routes. Please see the [Route] section for further details.
QuickAck=¶Takes a boolean. When true, the TCP quick ACK mode is enabled for the routes configured by the acquired DHCPv4 lease. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
InitialCongestionWindow=¶As in the [Route] section.
InitialAdvertisedReceiveWindow=¶As in the [Route] section.
UseGateway=¶When true, and the DHCP server provides a Router option, the default gateway based on the
router address will be configured. Defaults to unset, and the value specified with
UseRoutes= will be used.
Note, when the server provides both the Router and Classless Static Routes option, and
UseRoutes= is enabled, the Router option is always ignored regardless of this
setting. See RFC 3442.
UseTimezone=¶When true, the timezone received from the DHCP server will be set as timezone of the local system. Defaults to false.
Use6RD=¶When true, subnets of the received IPv6 prefix are assigned to downstream interfaces
which enables DHCPPrefixDelegation=. See also
DHCPPrefixDelegation= in the [Network] section, the [DHCPPrefixDelegation]
section, and RFC 5969. Defaults to
false.
IPv6OnlyMode=¶When true, the DHCPv4 configuration will be delayed by the timespan provided by the DHCP server and skip to configure dynamic IPv4 network connectivity if IPv6 connectivity is provided within the timespan. See RFC 8925. Defaults to false.
FallbackLeaseLifetimeSec=¶Allows one to set DHCPv4 lease lifetime when DHCPv4 server does not send the lease
lifetime. Takes one of "forever" or "infinity". If
specified, the acquired address never expires. Defaults to unset.
RequestBroadcast=¶Request the server to use broadcast messages before the IP address has been configured. This is necessary for devices that cannot receive RAW packets, or that cannot receive packets at all before an IP address has been configured. On the other hand, this must not be enabled on networks where broadcasts are filtered out.
MaxAttempts=¶Specifies how many times the DHCPv4 client configuration should be attempted. Takes a
number or "infinity". Defaults to "infinity". Note that the
time between retries is increased exponentially, up to approximately one per minute, so the
network will not be overloaded even if this number is high. The default is suitable in most
circumstances.
ListenPort=¶Set the port from which the DHCP client packets originate.
ServerPort=¶Set the port on which the DHCP server is listening.
DenyList=¶A whitespace-separated list of IPv4 addresses. Each address can optionally take a
prefix length after "/". DHCP offers from servers in the list are rejected.
Note that if AllowList= is configured then DenyList= is
ignored.
Note that this filters only DHCP offers, so the filtering might not work when
RapidCommit= is enabled. See also RapidCommit= in the above.
AllowList=¶A whitespace-separated list of IPv4 addresses. Each address can optionally take a
prefix length after "/". DHCP offers from servers in the list are accepted.
Note that this filters only DHCP offers, so the filtering might not work when
RapidCommit= is enabled. See also RapidCommit= in the above.
SendRelease=¶When true, the DHCPv4 client sends a DHCP release packet when it stops. Defaults to true.
SendDecline=¶A boolean. When true, systemd-networkd performs IPv4 Duplicate
Address Detection to the acquired address by the DHCPv4 client. If duplicate is detected,
the DHCPv4 client rejects the address by sending a DHCPDECLINE packet to
the DHCP server, and tries to obtain an IP address again. See
RFC 5227. Defaults to false.
NetLabel=¶This applies the NetLabel for the addresses received with DHCP, like
NetLabel= in [Address] section applies it to statically configured
addresses. See NetLabel= in [Address] section for more details.
NFTSet=¶This applies the NFT set for the network configuration received with DHCP, like
NFTSet= in [Address] section applies it to static configuration. See
NFTSet= in [Address] section for more details. For "address" or
"prefix" source types, the type of the element used in the NFT filter must be
"ipv4_addr".
The [DHCPv6] section configures the DHCPv6 client, if it is enabled with the
DHCP= setting described above, or invoked by the IPv6 Router Advertisement:
MUDURL=, IAID=, DUIDType=, DUIDRawData=, RequestOptions=¶As in the [DHCPv4] section.
SendOption=¶As in the [DHCPv4] section, however because DHCPv6 uses 16-bit fields to store option numbers, the option number is an integer in the range 1…65536.
SendVendorOption=¶Send an arbitrary vendor option in the DHCPv6 request. Takes an enterprise identifier,
DHCP option number, data type, and data separated with a colon
("enterprise identifier:option:type:valueuint8",
"uint16", "uint32", "ipv4address",
"ipv6address", or "string". Special characters in the data
string may be escaped using
C-style
escapes. This setting can be specified multiple times. If an empty string is
specified, then all options specified earlier are cleared. Defaults to unset.
UserClass=¶A DHCPv6 client can use User Class option to identify the type or category of user or
applications it represents. The information contained in this option is a string that
represents the user class of which the client is a member. Each class sets an identifying
string of information to be used by the DHCP service to classify clients. Special characters
in the data string may be escaped using
C-style
escapes. This setting can be specified multiple times. If an empty string is
specified, then all options specified earlier are cleared. Takes a whitespace-separated list
of strings. Note that currently NUL bytes are not allowed.
VendorClass=¶A DHCPv6 client can use VendorClass option to identify the vendor that manufactured the hardware on which the client is running. The information contained in the data area of this option is contained in one or more opaque fields that identify details of the hardware configuration. Takes a whitespace-separated list of strings.
PrefixDelegationHint=¶Takes an IPv6 address with prefix length in the same format as the
Address= in the [Network] section. The DHCPv6 client will include a prefix
hint in the DHCPv6 solicitation sent to the server. The prefix length must be in the range
1…128. Defaults to unset.
RapidCommit=¶Takes a boolean. The DHCPv6 client can obtain configuration parameters from a DHCPv6 server through a rapid two-message exchange (solicit and reply). When the rapid commit option is set by both the DHCPv6 client and the DHCPv6 server, the two-message exchange is used. Otherwise, the four-message exchange (solicit, advertise, request, and reply) is used. The two-message exchange provides faster client configuration. See RFC 3315 for details. Defaults to true, and the two-message exchange will be used if the server support it.
SendHostname=¶When true (the default), the machine's hostname (or the value specified with
Hostname=, described below) will be sent to the DHCPv6 server. Note that the
hostname must consist only of 7-bit ASCII lower-case characters and no spaces or dots, and be
formatted as a valid DNS domain name. Otherwise, the hostname is not sent even if this option
is true.
Hostname=¶Use this value for the hostname which is sent to the DHCPv6 server, instead of machine's hostname. Note that the specified hostname must consist only of 7-bit ASCII lower-case characters and no spaces or dots, and be formatted as a valid DNS domain name.
UseAddress=¶When true (the default), the IP addresses provided by the DHCPv6 server will be assigned.
UseCaptivePortal=¶When true (the default), the captive portal advertised by the DHCPv6 server will be recorded and made available to client programs and displayed in the networkctl(1) status output per-link.
UseDelegatedPrefix=¶When true (the default), the client will request the DHCPv6 server to delegate
prefixes. If the server provides prefixes to be delegated, then subnets of the prefixes are
assigned to the interfaces that have DHCPPrefixDelegation=yes.
See also the DHCPPrefixDelegation= setting in the [Network] section,
settings in the [DHCPPrefixDelegation] section, and
RFC 8415.
UseDNS=, UseNTP=, UseHostname=, UseDomains=, NetLabel=, SendRelease=¶As in the [DHCPv4] section.
NFTSet=¶This applies the NFT set for the network configuration received with DHCP, like
NFTSet= in [Address] section applies it to static configuration. See
NFTSet= in [Address] section for more details. For "address"
or "prefix" source types, the type of the element used in the NFT filter must be
"ipv6_addr".
WithoutRA=¶Allows DHCPv6 client to start without router advertisements's
"managed" or "other configuration" flag. Takes one of
"no", "solicit", or
"information-request". If this is not specified,
"solicit" is used when DHCPPrefixDelegation= is enabled
and UplinkInterface=:self is specified in the [DHCPPrefixDelegation]
section. Otherwise, defaults to "no", and the DHCPv6 client will be started
when an RA is received. See also the DHCPv6Client= setting in the
[IPv6AcceptRA] section.
The [DHCPPrefixDelegation] section configures subnet prefixes of the delegated prefixes
acquired by a DHCPv6 client or by a DHCPv4 client through the 6RD option on another interface.
The settings in this section are used only when the DHCPPrefixDelegation=
setting in the [Network] section is enabled.
UplinkInterface=¶Specifies the name or the index of the uplink interface, or one of the special values
":self" and ":auto". When ":self", the
interface itself is considered the uplink interface, and
WithoutRA=solicit is implied if the setting is not explicitly specified.
When ":auto", the first link which acquired prefixes to be delegated from
the DHCPv6 or DHCPv4 server is selected. Defaults to ":auto".
SubnetId=¶Configure a specific subnet ID on the interface from a (previously) received prefix delegation. You can either set "auto" (the default) or a specific subnet ID (as defined in RFC 4291, section 2.5.4), in which case the allowed value is hexadecimal, from 0 to 0x7fffffffffffffff inclusive.
Announce=¶Takes a boolean. When enabled, and IPv6SendRA= in [Network] section
is enabled, the delegated prefixes are distributed through the IPv6 Router Advertisement.
This setting will be ignored when the DHCPPrefixDelegation= setting is
enabled on the upstream interface. Defaults to yes.
Assign=¶Takes a boolean. Specifies whether to add an address from the delegated prefixes which
are received from the WAN interface by the DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation. When true (on LAN
interface), the EUI-64 algorithm will be used by default to form an interface identifier from
the delegated prefixes. See also Token= setting below. Defaults to yes.
Token=¶Specifies an optional address generation mode for assigning an address in each
delegated prefix. This accepts the same syntax as Token= in the
[IPv6AcceptRA] section. If Assign= is set to false, then this setting will
be ignored. Defaults to unset, which means the EUI-64 algorithm will be used.
ManageTemporaryAddress=¶As in the [Address] section, but defaults to true.
RouteMetric=¶The metric of the route to the delegated prefix subnet. Takes an unsigned integer in the range 0…4294967295. When set to 0, the kernel's default value is used. Defaults to 256.
NetLabel=¶This applies the NetLabel for the addresses received with DHCP, like
NetLabel= in [Address] section applies it to statically configured
addresses. See NetLabel= in [Address] section for more details.
NFTSet=¶This applies the NFT set for the network configuration received with DHCP, like
NFTSet= in [Address] section applies it to static configuration. See
NFTSet= in [Address] section for more details. For "address" or
"prefix" source types, the type of the element used in the NFT filter must be
"ipv6_addr".
The [IPv6AcceptRA] section configures the IPv6 Router Advertisement (RA) client, if it is enabled
with the IPv6AcceptRA= setting described above:
UseRedirect=¶When true (the default), Redirect message sent by the current first-hop router will be accepted, and configures routes to redirected nodes will be configured.
Token=¶Specifies an optional address generation mode for the Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC). The following values are supported:
eui64¶The EUI-64 algorithm will be used to generate an address for that prefix. Only supported by Ethernet or InfiniBand interfaces.
static:ADDRESS¶
An IPv6 address must be specified after a colon (":"), and the
lower bits of the supplied address are combined with the upper bits of a prefix
received in a Router Advertisement (RA) message to form a complete address. Note
that if multiple prefixes are received in an RA message, or in multiple RA messages,
addresses will be formed from each of them using the supplied address. This mode
implements SLAAC but uses a static interface identifier instead of an identifier
generated by using the EUI-64 algorithm. Because the interface identifier is static,
if Duplicate Address Detection detects that the computed address is a duplicate
(in use by another node on the link), then this mode will fail to provide an address
for that prefix. If an IPv6 address without mode is specified, then
"static" mode is assumed.
prefixstable[:ADDRESS][,UUID]¶
The algorithm specified in
RFC 7217 will be used to
generate interface identifiers. This mode can optionally take an IPv6 address
separated with a colon (":"). If an IPv6 address is specified,
then an interface identifier is generated only when a prefix received in an RA
message matches the supplied address.
This mode can also optionally take a non-null UUID in the format which
sd_id128_from_string() accepts, e.g.
"86b123b969ba4b7eb8b3d8605123525a" or
"86b123b9-69ba-4b7e-b8b3-d8605123525a". If a UUID is specified, the
value is used as the secret key to generate interface identifiers. If not specified,
then an application specific ID generated with the system's machine-ID will be used
as the secret key. See
sd-id128(3),
sd_id128_from_string(3),
and
sd_id128_get_machine(3).
Note that the "prefixstable" algorithm uses both the interface
name and MAC address as input to the hash to compute the interface identifier, so
if either of those are changed the resulting interface identifier (and address)
will be changed, even if the prefix received in the RA message has not been
changed.
If no address generation mode is specified (which is the default), or a received
prefix does not match any of the addresses provided in "prefixstable"
mode, then the EUI-64 algorithm will be used for Ethernet or InfiniBand interfaces,
otherwise "prefixstable" will be used to form an interface identifier for
that prefix.
This setting can be specified multiple times. If an empty string is assigned, then the all previous assignments are cleared.
Examples:
Token=eui64 Token=::1a:2b:3c:4d Token=static:::1a:2b:3c:4d Token=prefixstable Token=prefixstable:2002:da8:1::
UseDNS=¶When true (the default), the DNS servers received in the Router Advertisement will be used.
This corresponds to the nameserver option in resolv.conf(5).
UseDomains=¶Takes a boolean, or the special value "route". When true, the domain name
received via IPv6 Router Advertisement (RA) will be used as DNS search domain over this link,
similarly to the effect of the Domains= setting. If set to
"route", the domain name received via IPv6 RA will be used for routing DNS queries
only, but not for searching, similarly to the effect of the Domains= setting when
the argument is prefixed with "~". Defaults to false.
It is recommended to enable this option only on trusted networks, as setting this affects resolution of all hostnames, in particular of single-label names. It is generally safer to use the supplied domain only as routing domain, rather than as search domain, in order to not have it affect local resolution of single-label names.
When set to true, this setting corresponds to the domain option in resolv.conf(5).
RouteTable=num¶The table identifier for the routes received in the Router Advertisement. Takes one of
predefined names "default", "main", and "local",
and names defined in RouteTable= in
networkd.conf(5),
or a number between 1…4294967295.
When used in combination with VRF=, the VRF's routing table is
used when this parameter is not specified.
RouteMetric=¶Set the routing metric for the routes received in the Router Advertisement. Takes an unsigned
integer in the range 0…4294967295, or three unsigned integer separated with ":",
in that case the first one is used when the router preference is high, the second is for medium
preference, and the last is for low preference
("high:medium:low512:1024:2048".
QuickAck=¶Takes a boolean. When true, the TCP quick ACK mode is enabled for the routes configured by the received RAs. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
UseMTU=¶Takes a boolean. When true, the MTU received in the Router Advertisement will be used. Defaults to true.
UseHopLimit=¶Takes a boolean. When true, the hop limit received in the Router Advertisement will be set to routes
configured based on the advertisement. See also IPv6HopLimit=. Defaults to true.
UseReachableTime=¶Takes a boolean. When true, the reachable time received in the Router Advertisement will be set on the interface receiving the advertisement. It is used as the base timespan of the validity of a neighbor entry. Defaults to true.
UseRetransmissionTime=¶Takes a boolean. When true, the retransmission time received in the Router Advertisement will be set on the interface receiving the advertisement. It is used as the time between retransmissions of Neighbor Solicitation messages to a neighbor when resolving the address or when probing the reachability of a neighbor. Defaults to true.
UseGateway=¶When true (the default), the router address will be configured as the default gateway.
UseRoutePrefix=¶When true (the default), the routes corresponding to the route prefixes received in the Router Advertisement will be configured.
UseCaptivePortal=¶When true (the default), the captive portal received in the Router Advertisement will be recorded and made available to client programs and displayed in the networkctl(1) status output per-link.
UsePREF64=¶When true, the IPv6 PREF64 (or NAT64) prefixes received in the Router Advertisement will be recorded and made available to client programs and displayed in the networkctl(1) status output per-link. See RFC 8781. Defaults to false.
UseAutonomousPrefix=¶When true (the default), the autonomous prefix received in the Router Advertisement will be used and take precedence over any statically configured ones.
UseOnLinkPrefix=¶When true (the default), the onlink prefix received in the Router Advertisement will be used and takes precedence over any statically configured ones.
RouterDenyList=¶A whitespace-separated list of IPv6 router addresses. Each address can optionally
take a prefix length after "/". Any information advertised by the listed
router is ignored.
RouterAllowList=¶A whitespace-separated list of IPv6 router addresses. Each address can optionally
take a prefix length after "/". Only information advertised by the listed
router is accepted. Note that if RouterAllowList= is configured then
RouterDenyList= is ignored.
PrefixDenyList=¶A whitespace-separated list of IPv6 prefixes. Each prefix can optionally take its
prefix length after "/". IPv6 prefixes supplied via router advertisements
in the list are ignored.
PrefixAllowList=¶A whitespace-separated list of IPv6 prefixes. Each prefix can optionally take its
prefix length after "/". IPv6 prefixes supplied via router advertisements
in the list are allowed. Note that if PrefixAllowList= is configured
then PrefixDenyList= is ignored.
RouteDenyList=¶A whitespace-separated list of IPv6 route prefixes. Each prefix can optionally take
its prefix length after "/". IPv6 route prefixes supplied via router
advertisements in the list are ignored.
RouteAllowList=¶A whitespace-separated list of IPv6 route prefixes. Each prefix can optionally take
its prefix length after "/". IPv6 route prefixes supplied via router
advertisements in the list are allowed. Note that if RouteAllowList= is
configured then RouteDenyList= is ignored.
DHCPv6Client=¶Takes a boolean, or the special value "always". When true, the
DHCPv6 client will be started in "solicit" mode if the RA has the
"managed" flag or "information-request" mode if the RA
lacks the "managed" flag but has the
"other configuration" flag. If set to "always", the
DHCPv6 client will be started in "solicit" mode when an RA is received,
even if neither the "managed" nor the
"other configuration" flag is set in the RA. This will be ignored when
WithoutRA= in the [DHCPv6] section is enabled, or
UplinkInterface=:self in the [DHCPPrefixDelegation] section is
specified. Defaults to true.
NetLabel=¶This applies the NetLabel for the addresses received with RA, like
NetLabel= in [Address] section applies it to statically configured
addresses. See NetLabel= in [Address] section for more details.
NFTSet=¶This applies the NFT set for the network configuration received with RA, like
NFTSet= in [Address] section applies it to static configuration. See
NFTSet= in [Address] section for more details. For "address" or
"prefix" source types, the type of the element used in the NFT filter must be
"ipv6_addr".
The [DHCPServer] section contains settings for the DHCP server, if enabled via the
DHCPServer= option described above:
ServerAddress=¶Specifies the server address for the DHCP server. Takes an IPv4 address with prefix length
separated with a slash, e.g. "192.168.0.1/24". Defaults to unset, and one of
static IPv4 addresses configured in [Network] or [Address] section will be automatically selected.
This setting may be useful when the interface on which the DHCP server is running has multiple
static IPv4 addresses.
This implies Address= in [Network] or [Address] section with the same
address and prefix length. That is,
[Network] DHCPServer=yes Address=192.168.0.1/24 Address=192.168.0.2/24 [DHCPServer] ServerAddress=192.168.0.1/24
or
[Network] DHCPServer=yes [Address] Address=192.168.0.1/24 [Address] Address=192.168.0.2/24 [DHCPServer] ServerAddress=192.168.0.1/24
are equivalent to the following:
[Network] DHCPServer=yes Address=192.168.0.2/24 [DHCPServer] ServerAddress=192.168.0.1/24
Since version 255, like the Address= setting in [Network] or [Address]
section, this also supports a null address, e.g. "0.0.0.0/24", and an unused
address will be automatically selected. For more details about the automatic address selection,
see Address= setting in [Network] section in the above.
PoolOffset=, PoolSize=¶Configures the pool of addresses to hand out. The pool
is a contiguous sequence of IP addresses in the subnet configured for
the server address, which does not include the subnet nor the broadcast
address. PoolOffset= takes the offset of the pool
from the start of subnet, or zero to use the default value.
PoolSize= takes the number of IP addresses in the
pool or zero to use the default value. By default, the pool starts at
the first address after the subnet address and takes up the rest of
the subnet, excluding the broadcast address. If the pool includes
the server address (the default), this is reserved and not handed
out to clients.
DefaultLeaseTimeSec=, MaxLeaseTimeSec=¶Control the default and maximum DHCP lease time to pass to clients. These settings take time values in seconds or another common time unit, depending on the suffix. The default lease time is used for clients that did not ask for a specific lease time. If a client asks for a lease time longer than the maximum lease time, it is automatically shortened to the specified time. The default lease time defaults to 1h, the maximum lease time to 12h. Shorter lease times are beneficial if the configuration data in DHCP leases changes frequently and clients shall learn the new settings with shorter latencies. Longer lease times reduce the generated DHCP network traffic.
UplinkInterface=¶Specifies the name or the index of the uplink interface, or one of the special
values ":none" and ":auto". When emitting DNS, NTP, or SIP
servers is enabled but no servers are specified, the servers configured in the uplink interface
will be emitted. When ":auto", the link which has a default gateway with the
highest priority will be automatically selected. When ":none", no uplink
interface will be selected. Defaults to ":auto".
EmitDNS=, DNS=¶EmitDNS= takes a boolean. Configures whether the DHCP leases
handed out to clients shall contain DNS server information. Defaults to "yes".
The DNS servers to pass to clients may be configured with the DNS= option,
which takes a list of IPv4 addresses, or special value "_server_address" which
will be converted to the address used by the DHCP server.
If the EmitDNS= option is enabled but no servers configured, the
servers are automatically propagated from an "uplink" interface that has appropriate servers
set. The "uplink" interface is determined by the default route of the system with the highest
priority. Note that this information is acquired at the time the lease is handed out, and does
not take uplink interfaces into account that acquire DNS server information at a later point.
If no suitable uplink interface is found the DNS server data from
/etc/resolv.conf is used. Also, note that the leases are not refreshed if
the uplink network configuration changes. To ensure clients regularly acquire the most current
uplink DNS server information, it is thus advisable to shorten the DHCP lease time via
MaxLeaseTimeSec= described above.
This setting can be specified multiple times. If an empty string is specified, then all DNS servers specified earlier are cleared.
EmitNTP=, NTP=, EmitSIP=, SIP=, EmitPOP3=, POP3=, EmitSMTP=, SMTP=, EmitLPR=, LPR=¶Similar to the EmitDNS= and DNS= settings
described above, these settings configure whether and what server information for the indicate
protocol shall be emitted as part of the DHCP lease. The same syntax, propagation semantics and
defaults apply as for EmitDNS= and DNS=.
EmitRouter=, Router=¶The EmitRouter= setting takes a boolean value, and configures
whether the DHCP lease should contain the router option. The Router= setting
takes an IPv4 address, and configures the router address to be emitted. When the
Router= setting is not specified, then the server address will be used for
the router option. When the EmitRouter= setting is disabled, the
Router= setting will be ignored. The EmitRouter= setting
defaults to true, and the Router= setting defaults to unset.
EmitTimezone=, Timezone=¶Takes a boolean. Configures whether the DHCP leases handed out
to clients shall contain timezone information. Defaults to "yes". The
Timezone= setting takes a timezone string
(such as "Europe/Berlin" or
"UTC") to pass to clients. If no explicit
timezone is set, the system timezone of the local host is
propagated, as determined by the
/etc/localtime symlink.
BootServerAddress=¶Takes an IPv4 address of the boot server used by e.g. PXE boot systems. When specified, this
address is sent in the siaddr field of the DHCP message header. See RFC 2131 for more details. Defaults to
unset.
BootServerName=¶Takes a name of the boot server used by e.g. PXE boot systems. When specified, this name is sent in the DHCP option 66 ("TFTP server name"). See RFC 2132 for more details. Defaults to unset.
Note that typically setting one of BootServerName= or
BootServerAddress= is sufficient, but both can be set too, if desired.
BootFilename=¶Takes a path or URL to a file loaded by e.g. a PXE boot loader. When specified, this path is sent in the DHCP option 67 ("Bootfile name"). See RFC 2132 for more details. Defaults to unset.
IPv6OnlyPreferredSec=¶Takes a timespan. Controls the RFC 8925 IPv6-Only Preferred option. Specifies the DHCPv4 option to indicate that a host supports an IPv6-only mode and is willing to forgo obtaining an IPv4 address if the network provides IPv6 connectivity. Defaults to unset, and not send the option. The minimum allowed value is 300 seconds.
SendOption=¶Send a raw option with value via DHCPv4 server. Takes a DHCP option number, data type
and data ("option:type:valueuint8",
"uint16", "uint32", "ipv4address", "ipv6address", or
"string". Special characters in the data string may be escaped using
C-style
escapes. This setting can be specified multiple times. If an empty string is specified,
then all options specified earlier are cleared. Defaults to unset.
SendVendorOption=¶Send a vendor option with value via DHCPv4 server. Takes a DHCP option number, data type
and data ("option:type:valueuint8",
"uint16", "uint32", "ipv4address", or
"string". Special characters in the data string may be escaped using
C-style
escapes. This setting can be specified multiple times. If an empty string is specified,
then all options specified earlier are cleared. Defaults to unset.
BindToInterface=¶Takes a boolean value. When "yes", DHCP server socket will be bound
to its network interface and all socket communication will be restricted to this interface.
Defaults to "yes", except if RelayTarget= is used (see below),
in which case it defaults to "no".
RelayTarget=¶Takes an IPv4 address, which must be in the format described in inet_pton(3). Turns this DHCP server into a DHCP relay agent. See RFC 1542. The address is the address of DHCP server or another relay agent to forward DHCP messages to and from.
RelayAgentCircuitId=¶Specifies value for Agent Circuit ID suboption of Relay Agent Information option.
Takes a string, which must be in the format "string:",
where "valuevalueRelayTarget= is not specified.
RelayAgentRemoteId=¶Specifies value for Agent Remote ID suboption of Relay Agent Information option.
Takes a string, which must be in the format "string:",
where "valuevalueRelayTarget= is not specified.
RapidCommit=¶Takes a boolean. When true, the server supports RFC 4039. When a client sends a DHCPDISCOVER message with the Rapid Commit option to the server, then the server will reply with a DHCPACK message to the client, instead of DHCPOFFER. Defaults to true.
PersistLeases=¶Takes a boolean. When true, the DHCP server will load and save leases in the persistent
storage. When false, the DHCP server will neither load nor save leases in the persistent storage.
Hence, bound leases will be lost when the interface is reconfigured e.g. by
networkctl reconfigure, or systemd-networkd.service
is restarted. That may cause address conflict on the network. So, please take an extra care when
disable this setting. When unspecified, the value specified in the same setting in
networkd.conf(5),
which defaults to "yes", will be used.
The "[DHCPServerStaticLease]" section configures a static DHCP lease to assign a
fixed IPv4 address to a specific device based on its MAC address. This section can be specified multiple
times.
The [IPv6SendRA] section contains settings for sending IPv6 Router Advertisements and whether
to act as a router, if enabled via the IPv6SendRA= option described above. IPv6
network prefixes or routes are defined with one or more [IPv6Prefix] or [IPv6RoutePrefix] sections.
Managed=, OtherInformation=¶Takes a boolean. Controls whether a DHCPv6 server is used to acquire IPv6
addresses on the network link when Managed=
is set to "true" or if only additional network
information can be obtained via DHCPv6 for the network link when
OtherInformation= is set to
"true". Both settings default to
"false", which means that a DHCPv6 server is not being
used.
RouterLifetimeSec=¶Takes a timespan. Configures the IPv6 router lifetime in seconds. The value must be 0 seconds, or between 4 seconds and 9000 seconds. When set to 0, the host is not acting as a router. Defaults to 1800 seconds (30 minutes).
ReachableTimeSec=¶Configures the time, used in the Neighbor Unreachability Detection algorithm, for which clients can assume a neighbor is reachable after having received a reachability confirmation. Takes a time span in the range 0…4294967295 ms. When 0, clients will handle it as if the value wasn't specified. Defaults to 0.
RetransmitSec=¶Configures the time, used in the Neighbor Unreachability Detection algorithm, for which clients can use as retransmit time on address resolution and the Neighbor Unreachability Detection algorithm. Takes a time span in the range 0…4294967295 ms. When 0, clients will handle it as if the value wasn't specified. Defaults to 0.
RouterPreference=¶Configures IPv6 router preference if
RouterLifetimeSec= is non-zero. Valid values are
"high", "medium" and
"low", with "normal" and
"default" added as synonyms for
"medium" just to make configuration easier. See
RFC 4191
for details. Defaults to "medium".
HopLimit=¶Configures hop limit. Takes an integer in the range 0…255. See also
IPv6HopLimit=.
UplinkInterface=¶Specifies the name or the index of the uplink interface, or one of the special
values ":none" and ":auto". When emitting DNS servers or
search domains is enabled but no servers are specified, the servers configured in the uplink
interface will be emitted. When ":auto", the value specified to the same
setting in the [DHCPPrefixDelegation] section will be used if
DHCPPrefixDelegation= is enabled, otherwise the link which has a default
gateway with the highest priority will be automatically selected. When ":none",
no uplink interface will be selected. Defaults to ":auto".
EmitDNS=, DNS=¶DNS= specifies a list of recursive DNS server IPv6 addresses
that are distributed via Router Advertisement messages when EmitDNS= is true.
DNS= also takes special value "_link_local"; in that case
the IPv6 link-local address is distributed. If DNS= is empty, DNS servers are
read from the [Network] section. If the [Network] section does not contain any DNS servers
either, DNS servers from the uplink interface specified in UplinkInterface=
will be used. When EmitDNS= is false, no DNS server information is sent in
Router Advertisement messages. EmitDNS= defaults to true.
EmitDomains=, Domains=¶A list of DNS search domains distributed via Router Advertisement messages when
EmitDomains= is true. If Domains= is empty, DNS search
domains are read from the [Network] section. If the [Network] section does not contain any DNS
search domains either, DNS search domains from the uplink interface specified in
UplinkInterface= will be used. When EmitDomains= is false,
no DNS search domain information is sent in Router Advertisement messages.
EmitDomains= defaults to true.
DNSLifetimeSec=¶Lifetime in seconds for the DNS server addresses listed in
DNS= and search domains listed in Domains=. Defaults to
3600 seconds (one hour).
HomeAgent=¶Takes a boolean. Specifies that IPv6 router advertisements which indicate to hosts that the router acts as a Home Agent and includes a Home Agent option. Defaults to false. See RFC 6275 for further details.
HomeAgentLifetimeSec=¶Takes a timespan. Specifies the lifetime of the Home Agent. An integer, the default unit is seconds,
in the range 1…65535. Defaults to the value set to RouterLifetimeSec=.
HomeAgentPreference=¶Configures IPv6 Home Agent preference. Takes an integer in the range 0…65535. Defaults to 0.
One or more [IPv6Prefix] sections contain the IPv6 prefixes that are announced via Router Advertisements. See RFC 4861 for further details.
AddressAutoconfiguration=, OnLink=¶Takes a boolean to specify whether IPv6 addresses can be
autoconfigured with this prefix and whether the prefix can be used for
onlink determination. Both settings default to "true"
in order to ease configuration.
Prefix=¶The IPv6 prefix that is to be distributed to hosts. Similarly to configuring static
IPv6 addresses, the setting is configured as an IPv6 prefix and its prefix length, separated by a
"/" character. Use multiple [IPv6Prefix] sections to configure multiple IPv6
prefixes since prefix lifetimes, address autoconfiguration and onlink status may differ from one
prefix to another.
PreferredLifetimeSec=, ValidLifetimeSec=¶Preferred and valid lifetimes for the prefix measured in seconds.
PreferredLifetimeSec= defaults to 1800 seconds (30 minutes) and
ValidLifetimeSec= defaults to 3600 seconds (one hour).
Assign=¶Takes a boolean. When true, adds an address from the prefix. Default to false.
Token=¶Specifies an optional address generation mode for assigning an address in each
prefix. This accepts the same syntax as Token= in the [IPv6AcceptRA]
section. If Assign= is set to false, then this setting will be ignored.
Defaults to unset, which means the EUI-64 algorithm will be used.
RouteMetric=¶The metric of the prefix route. Takes an unsigned integer in the range 0…4294967295.
When unset or set to 0, the kernel's default value is used. This setting is ignored when
Assign= is false.
One or more [IPv6RoutePrefix] sections contain the IPv6 prefix routes that are announced via Router Advertisements. See RFC 4191 for further details.
Route=¶The IPv6 route that is to be distributed to hosts. Similarly to configuring static
IPv6 routes, the setting is configured as an IPv6 prefix routes and its prefix route length,
separated by a "/" character. Use multiple [IPv6RoutePrefix] sections to configure
multiple IPv6 prefix routes.
LifetimeSec=¶Lifetime for the route prefix measured in seconds.
LifetimeSec= defaults to 3600 seconds (one hour).
One or more [IPv6PREF64Prefix] sections contain the IPv6 PREF64 (or NAT64) prefixes that are announced via Router Advertisements. See RFC 8781 for further details.
Prefix=¶The IPv6 PREF64 (or NAT64) prefix that is to be distributed to hosts. The setting holds
an IPv6 prefix that should be set up for NAT64 translation (PLAT) to allow 464XLAT on the network segment.
Use multiple [IPv6PREF64Prefix] sections to configure multiple IPv6 prefixes since prefix lifetime may differ
from one prefix to another. The prefix is an address with a prefix length, separated by a slash
"/" character. Valid NAT64 prefix length are 96, 64, 56, 48, 40, and 32 bits.
LifetimeSec=¶Lifetime for the prefix measured in seconds. Should be greater than or equal to RouterLifetimeSec=.
LifetimeSec= defaults to 1800 seconds.
The [Bridge] section accepts the following keys:
UnicastFlood=¶Takes a boolean. Controls whether the bridge should flood traffic for which an FDB entry is missing and the destination is unknown through this port. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
MulticastFlood=¶Takes a boolean. Controls whether the bridge should flood traffic for which an MDB entry is missing and the destination is unknown through this port. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
MulticastToUnicast=¶Takes a boolean. Multicast to unicast works on top of the multicast snooping feature of the bridge. Which means unicast copies are only delivered to hosts which are interested in it. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
NeighborSuppression=¶Takes a boolean. Configures whether ARP and ND neighbor suppression is enabled for this port. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
Learning=¶Takes a boolean. Configures whether MAC address learning is enabled for this port. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
HairPin=¶Takes a boolean. Configures whether traffic may be sent back out of the port on which it was received. When this flag is false, then the bridge will not forward traffic back out of the receiving port. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
Isolated=¶Takes a boolean. Configures whether this port is isolated or not. Within a bridge, isolated ports can only communicate with non-isolated ports. When set to true, this port can only communicate with other ports whose Isolated setting is false. When set to false, this port can communicate with any other ports. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
UseBPDU=¶Takes a boolean. Configures whether STP Bridge Protocol Data Units will be processed by the bridge port. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
FastLeave=¶Takes a boolean. This flag allows the bridge to immediately stop multicast traffic on a port that receives an IGMP Leave message. It is only used with IGMP snooping if enabled on the bridge. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
AllowPortToBeRoot=¶Takes a boolean. Configures whether a given port is allowed to become a root port. Only used when STP is enabled on the bridge. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
ProxyARP=¶Takes a boolean. Configures whether proxy ARP to be enabled on this port. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
ProxyARPWiFi=¶Takes a boolean. Configures whether proxy ARP to be enabled on this port which meets extended requirements by IEEE 802.11 and Hotspot 2.0 specifications. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
MulticastRouter=¶Configures this port for having multicast routers attached. A port with a multicast
router will receive all multicast traffic. Takes one of "no"
to disable multicast routers on this port, "query" to let the system detect
the presence of routers, "permanent" to permanently enable multicast traffic
forwarding on this port, or "temporary" to enable multicast routers temporarily
on this port, not depending on incoming queries. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
Cost=¶Sets the "cost" of sending packets of this interface. Each port in a bridge may have a different speed and the cost is used to decide which link to use. Faster interfaces should have lower costs. It is an integer value between 1 and 65535.
Priority=¶Sets the "priority" of sending packets on this interface. Each port in a bridge may have a different priority which is used to decide which link to use. Lower value means higher priority. It is an integer value between 0 to 63. Networkd does not set any default, meaning the kernel default value of 32 is used.
The [BridgeFDB] section manages the forwarding database table of a port and accepts the following keys. Specify several [BridgeFDB] sections to configure several static MAC table entries.
MACAddress=¶As in the [Network] section. This key is mandatory.
Destination=¶Takes an IP address of the destination VXLAN tunnel endpoint.
VLANId=¶The VLAN ID for the new static MAC table entry. If omitted, no VLAN ID information is appended to the new static MAC table entry.
VNI=¶The VXLAN Network Identifier (or VXLAN Segment ID) to use to connect to the remote VXLAN tunnel endpoint. Takes a number in the range 1…16777215. Defaults to unset.
AssociatedWith=¶Specifies where the address is associated with. Takes one of "use",
"self", "master" or "router".
"use" means the address is in use. User space can use this option to
indicate to the kernel that the fdb entry is in use. "self" means
the address is associated with the port drivers fdb. Usually hardware. "master"
means the address is associated with master devices fdb. "router" means
the destination address is associated with a router. Note that it's valid if the referenced
device is a VXLAN type device and has route shortcircuit enabled. Defaults to "self".
OutgoingInterface=¶Specifies the name or index of the outgoing interface for the VXLAN device driver to reach the remote VXLAN tunnel endpoint. Defaults to unset.
The [BridgeMDB] section manages the multicast membership entries forwarding database table of a port and accepts the following keys. Specify several [BridgeMDB] sections to configure several permanent multicast membership entries.
The [LLDP] section manages the Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) and accepts the following keys:
MUDURL=¶When configured, the specified Manufacturer Usage Descriptions (MUD) URL will be sent in
LLDP packets. The syntax and semantics are the same as for MUDURL= in the
[DHCPv4] section described above.
The MUD URLs received via LLDP packets are saved and can be read using the
sd_lldp_neighbor_get_mud_url() function.
The [CAN] section manages the Controller Area Network (CAN bus) and accepts the following keys:
BitRate=¶The bitrate of CAN device in bits per second. The usual SI prefixes (K, M) with the base of 1000 can be used here. Takes a number in the range 1…4294967295.
SamplePoint=¶Optional sample point in percent with one decimal (e.g. "75%",
"87.5%") or permille (e.g. "875‰"). This will be ignored when
BitRate= is unspecified.
TimeQuantaNSec=, PropagationSegment=, PhaseBufferSegment1=, PhaseBufferSegment2=, SyncJumpWidth=¶Specifies the time quanta, propagation segment, phase buffer segment 1 and 2, and the
synchronization jump width, which allow one to define the CAN bit-timing in a hardware
independent format as proposed by the Bosch CAN 2.0 Specification.
TimeQuantaNSec= takes a timespan in nanoseconds.
PropagationSegment=, PhaseBufferSegment1=,
PhaseBufferSegment2=, and SyncJumpWidth= take number
of time quantum specified in TimeQuantaNSec= and must be an unsigned
integer in the range 0…4294967295. These settings except for
SyncJumpWidth= will be ignored when BitRate= is
specified.
DataBitRate=, DataSamplePoint=¶The bitrate and sample point for the data phase, if CAN-FD is used. These settings are
analogous to the BitRate= and SamplePoint= keys.
DataTimeQuantaNSec=, DataPropagationSegment=, DataPhaseBufferSegment1=, DataPhaseBufferSegment2=, DataSyncJumpWidth=¶Specifies the time quanta, propagation segment, phase buffer segment 1 and 2, and the
synchronization jump width for the data phase, if CAN-FD is used. These settings are
analogous to the TimeQuantaNSec= or related settings.
FDMode=¶Takes a boolean. When "yes", CAN-FD mode is enabled for the interface.
Note, that a bitrate and optional sample point should also be set for the CAN-FD data phase using
the DataBitRate= and DataSamplePoint= keys, or
DataTimeQuanta= and related settings.
FDNonISO=¶Takes a boolean. When "yes", non-ISO CAN-FD mode is enabled for the
interface. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
RestartSec=¶Automatic restart delay time. If set to a non-zero value, a restart of the CAN controller will be
triggered automatically in case of a bus-off condition after the specified delay time. Subsecond delays can
be specified using decimals (e.g. "0.1s") or a "ms" or
"us" postfix. Using "infinity" or "0" will turn the
automatic restart off. By default automatic restart is disabled.
Termination=¶Takes a boolean or a termination resistor value in ohm in the range 0…65535. When
"yes", the termination resistor is set to 120 ohm. When
"no" or "0" is set, the termination resistor is disabled.
When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
TripleSampling=¶Takes a boolean. When "yes", three samples (instead of one) are used to determine
the value of a received bit by majority rule. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
BusErrorReporting=¶Takes a boolean. When "yes", reporting of CAN bus errors is activated
(those include single bit, frame format, and bit stuffing errors, unable to send dominant bit,
unable to send recessive bit, bus overload, active error announcement, error occurred on
transmission). When unset, the kernel's default will be used. Note: in case of a CAN bus with a
single CAN device, sending a CAN frame may result in a huge number of CAN bus errors.
ListenOnly=¶Takes a boolean. When "yes", listen-only mode is enabled. When the
interface is in listen-only mode, the interface neither transmit CAN frames nor send ACK
bit. Listen-only mode is important to debug CAN networks without interfering with the
communication or acknowledge the CAN frame. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
Loopback=¶Takes a boolean. When "yes", loopback mode is enabled. When the
loopback mode is enabled, the interface treats messages transmitted by itself as received
messages. The loopback mode is important to debug CAN networks. When unset, the kernel's
default will be used.
OneShot=¶Takes a boolean. When "yes", one-shot mode is enabled. When unset,
the kernel's default will be used.
PresumeAck=¶Takes a boolean. When "yes", the interface will ignore missing CAN
ACKs. When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
ClassicDataLengthCode=¶Takes a boolean. When "yes", the interface will handle the 4bit data
length code (DLC). When unset, the kernel's default will be used.
The [IPoIB] section manages the IP over Infiniband and accepts the following keys:
Mode=¶Takes one of the special values "datagram" or
"connected". Defaults to unset, and the kernel's default is used.
When "datagram", the Infiniband unreliable datagram (UD) transport is
used, and so the interface MTU is equal to the IB L2 MTU minus the IPoIB encapsulation
header (4 bytes). For example, in a typical IB fabric with a 2K MTU, the IPoIB MTU will be
2048 - 4 = 2044 bytes.
When "connected", the Infiniband reliable connected (RC) transport is
used. Connected mode takes advantage of the connected nature of the IB transport and allows
an MTU up to the maximal IP packet size of 64K, which reduces the number of IP packets needed
for handling large UDP datagrams, TCP segments, etc and increases the performance for large
messages.
IgnoreUserspaceMulticastGroup=¶Takes an boolean value. When true, the kernel ignores multicast groups handled by userspace. Defaults to unset, and the kernel's default is used.
The [QDisc] section manages the traffic control queueing discipline (qdisc).
The [NetworkEmulator] section manages the queueing discipline (qdisc) of the network emulator. It can be used to configure the kernel packet scheduler and simulate packet delay and loss for UDP or TCP applications, or limit the bandwidth usage of a particular service to simulate internet connections.
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
DelaySec=¶Specifies the fixed amount of delay to be added to all packets going out of the interface. Defaults to unset.
DelayJitterSec=¶Specifies the chosen delay to be added to the packets outgoing to the network interface. Defaults to unset.
PacketLimit=¶Specifies the maximum number of packets the qdisc may hold queued at a time. An unsigned integer in the range 0…4294967294. Defaults to 1000.
LossRate=¶Specifies an independent loss probability to be added to the packets outgoing from the network interface. Takes a percentage value, suffixed with "%". Defaults to unset.
DuplicateRate=¶Specifies that the chosen percent of packets is duplicated before queuing them. Takes a percentage value, suffixed with "%". Defaults to unset.
The [TokenBucketFilter] section manages the queueing discipline (qdisc) of token bucket filter (tbf).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
LatencySec=¶Specifies the latency parameter, which specifies the maximum amount of time a packet can sit in the Token Bucket Filter (TBF). Defaults to unset.
LimitBytes=¶Takes the number of bytes that can be queued waiting for tokens to become available. When the size is suffixed with K, M, or G, it is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, or Gigabytes, respectively, to the base of 1024. Defaults to unset.
BurstBytes=¶Specifies the size of the bucket. This is the maximum amount of bytes that tokens can be available for instantaneous transfer. When the size is suffixed with K, M, or G, it is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, or Gigabytes, respectively, to the base of 1024. Defaults to unset.
Rate=¶Specifies the device specific bandwidth. When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified bandwidth is parsed as Kilobits, Megabits, or Gigabits, respectively, to the base of 1000. Defaults to unset.
MPUBytes=¶The Minimum Packet Unit (MPU) determines the minimal token usage (specified in bytes) for a packet. When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified size is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, or Gigabytes, respectively, to the base of 1024. Defaults to zero.
PeakRate=¶Takes the maximum depletion rate of the bucket. When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified size is parsed as Kilobits, Megabits, or Gigabits, respectively, to the base of 1000. Defaults to unset.
MTUBytes=¶Specifies the size of the peakrate bucket. When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified size is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, or Gigabytes, respectively, to the base of 1024. Defaults to unset.
The [PIE] section manages the queueing discipline (qdisc) of Proportional Integral controller-Enhanced (PIE).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
PacketLimit=¶Specifies the hard limit on the queue size in number of packets. When this limit is reached, incoming packets are dropped. An unsigned integer in the range 1…4294967294. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
The "[FlowQueuePIE]" section manages the queueing discipline
(qdisc) of Flow Queue Proportional Integral controller-Enhanced (fq_pie).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
PacketLimit=¶Specifies the hard limit on the queue size in number of packets. When this limit is reached, incoming packets are dropped. An unsigned integer ranges 1 to 4294967294. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
The [StochasticFairBlue] section manages the queueing discipline (qdisc) of stochastic fair blue (sfb).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
PacketLimit=¶Specifies the hard limit on the queue size in number of packets. When this limit is reached, incoming packets are dropped. An unsigned integer in the range 0…4294967294. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
The [StochasticFairnessQueueing] section manages the queueing discipline (qdisc) of stochastic fairness queueing (sfq).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
PerturbPeriodSec=¶Specifies the interval in seconds for queue algorithm perturbation. Defaults to unset.
The [BFIFO] section manages the queueing discipline (qdisc) of Byte limited Packet First In First Out (bfifo).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
LimitBytes=¶Specifies the hard limit in bytes on the FIFO buffer size. The size limit prevents overflow in case the kernel is unable to dequeue packets as quickly as it receives them. When this limit is reached, incoming packets are dropped. When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified size is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, or Gigabytes, respectively, to the base of 1024. Defaults to unset and kernel default is used.
The [PFIFO] section manages the queueing discipline (qdisc) of Packet First In First Out (pfifo).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
PacketLimit=¶Specifies the hard limit on the number of packets in the FIFO queue. The size limit prevents overflow in case the kernel is unable to dequeue packets as quickly as it receives them. When this limit is reached, incoming packets are dropped. An unsigned integer in the range 0…4294967294. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
The [PFIFOHeadDrop] section manages the queueing discipline (qdisc) of Packet First In First Out Head Drop (pfifo_head_drop).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
PacketLimit=¶As in [PFIFO] section.
The [PFIFOFast] section manages the queueing discipline (qdisc) of Packet First In First Out Fast (pfifo_fast).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
The [CAKE] section manages the queueing discipline (qdisc) of Common Applications Kept Enhanced (CAKE).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
Bandwidth=¶Specifies the shaper bandwidth. When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified size is parsed as Kilobits, Megabits, or Gigabits, respectively, to the base of 1000. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
AutoRateIngress=¶Takes a boolean value. Enables automatic capacity estimation based on traffic arriving
at this qdisc. This is most likely to be useful with cellular links, which tend to change
quality randomly. If this setting is enabled, the Bandwidth= setting is
used as an initial estimate. Defaults to unset, and the kernel's default is used.
OverheadBytes=¶Specifies that bytes to be addeded to the size of each packet. Bytes may be negative. Takes an integer in the range -64…256. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
MPUBytes=¶Rounds each packet (including overhead) up to the specified bytes. Takes an integer in the range 1…256. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
CompensationMode=¶Takes one of "none", "atm", or "ptm".
Specifies the compensation mode for overhead calculation. When "none", no
compensation is taken into account. When "atm", enables the compensation for
ATM cell framing, which is normally found on ADSL links. When "ptm", enables
the compensation for PTM encoding, which is normally found on VDSL2 links and uses a 64b/65b
encoding scheme. Defaults to unset and the kernel's default is used.
UseRawPacketSize=¶Takes a boolean value. When true, the packet size reported by the Linux kernel will be used, instead of the underlying IP packet size. Defaults to unset, and the kernel's default is used.
FlowIsolationMode=¶CAKE places packets from different flows into different queues, then packets from each queue are delivered fairly. This specifies whether the fairness is based on source address, destination address, individual flows, or any combination of those. The available values are:
none¶The flow isolation is disabled, and all traffic passes through a single queue.
src-host¶
Flows are defined only by source address. Equivalent to the "srchost"
option for tc qdisc command. See also
tc-cake(8).
dst-host¶
Flows are defined only by destination address. Equivalent to the
"dsthost" option for tc qdisc command. See also
tc-cake(8).
hosts¶Flows are defined by source-destination host pairs. Equivalent to the same option for tc qdisc command. See also tc-cake(8).
flows¶Flows are defined by the entire 5-tuple of source address, destination address, transport protocol, source port and destination port. Equivalent to the same option for tc qdisc command. See also tc-cake(8).
dual-src-host¶
Flows are defined by the 5-tuple (see "flows" in the above), and
fairness is applied first over source addresses, then over individual flows. Equivalent
to the "dual-srchost" option for tc qdisc command.
See also
tc-cake(8).
dual-dst-host¶
Flows are defined by the 5-tuple (see "flows" in the above), and
fairness is applied first over destination addresses, then over individual flows.
Equivalent to the "dual-dsthost" option for
tc qdisc command. See also
tc-cake(8).
triple¶
Flows are defined by the 5-tuple (see "flows"), and fairness is
applied over source and destination addresses, and also over individual flows.
Equivalent to the "triple-isolate" option for
tc qdisc command. See also
tc-cake(8).
Defaults to unset and the kernel's default is used.
NAT=¶Takes a boolean value. When true, CAKE performs a NAT lookup before applying
flow-isolation rules, to determine the true addresses and port numbers of the packet, to
improve fairness between hosts inside the NAT. This has no practical effect when
FlowIsolationMode= is "none" or "flows",
or if NAT is performed on a different host. Defaults to unset, and the kernel's default is
used.
PriorityQueueingPreset=¶CAKE divides traffic into "tins", and each tin has its own independent
set of flow-isolation queues, bandwidth threshold, and priority. This specifies the preset of
tin profiles. The available values are:
besteffort¶Disables priority queueing by placing all traffic in one tin.
precedence¶
Enables priority queueing based on the legacy interpretation of TOS
"Precedence" field. Use of this preset on the modern Internet is
firmly discouraged.
diffserv8¶
Enables priority queueing based on the Differentiated Service
("DiffServ") field with eight tins: Background Traffic, High
Throughput, Best Effort, Video Streaming, Low Latency Transactions, Interactive Shell,
Minimum Latency, and Network Control.
diffserv4¶
Enables priority queueing based on the Differentiated Service
("DiffServ") field with four tins: Background Traffic, Best Effort,
Streaming Media, and Latency Sensitive.
diffserv3¶
Enables priority queueing based on the Differentiated Service
("DiffServ") field with three tins: Background Traffic, Best Effort,
and Latency Sensitive.
Defaults to unset, and the kernel's default is used.
FirewallMark=¶Takes an integer in the range 1…4294967295. When specified, firewall-mark-based overriding of CAKE's tin selection is enabled. Defaults to unset, and the kernel's default is used.
Wash=¶Takes a boolean value. When true, CAKE clears the DSCP fields, except for ECN bits, of any packet passing through CAKE. Defaults to unset, and the kernel's default is used.
SplitGSO=¶Takes a boolean value. When true, CAKE will split General Segmentation Offload (GSO) super-packets into their on-the-wire components and dequeue them individually. Defaults to unset, and the kernel's default is used.
RTTSec=¶Specifies the RTT for the filter. Takes a timespan. Typical values are e.g. 100us for extremely high-performance 10GigE+ networks like datacentre, 1ms for non-WiFi LAN connections, 100ms for typical internet connections. Defaults to unset, and the kernel's default will be used.
AckFilter=¶Takes a boolean value, or special value "aggressive". If enabled, ACKs in
each flow are queued and redundant ACKs to the upstream are dropped. If yes, the filter will always
keep at least two redundant ACKs in the queue, while in "aggressive" mode, it will
filter down to a single ACK. This may improve download throughput on links with very asymmetrical
rate limits. Defaults to unset, and the kernel's default will be used.
The [ControlledDelay] section manages the queueing discipline (qdisc) of controlled delay (CoDel).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
PacketLimit=¶Specifies the hard limit on the queue size in number of packets. When this limit is reached, incoming packets are dropped. An unsigned integer in the range 0…4294967294. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
TargetSec=¶Takes a timespan. Specifies the acceptable minimum standing/persistent queue delay. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
IntervalSec=¶Takes a timespan. This is used to ensure that the measured minimum delay does not become too stale. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
ECN=¶Takes a boolean. This can be used to mark packets instead of dropping them. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
CEThresholdSec=¶Takes a timespan. This sets a threshold above which all packets are marked with ECN Congestion Experienced (CE). Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
The [DeficitRoundRobinScheduler] section manages the queueing discipline (qdisc) of Deficit Round Robin Scheduler (DRR).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
The [DeficitRoundRobinSchedulerClass] section manages the traffic control class of Deficit Round Robin Scheduler (DRR).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root", or a
qdisc identifier. The qdisc identifier is specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in
the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to
"root".
ClassId=¶Configures the unique identifier of the class. It is specified as the major and minor numbers in
hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a colon ("major:minor").
Defaults to unset.
QuantumBytes=¶Specifies the amount of bytes a flow is allowed to dequeue before the scheduler moves to the next class. When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified size is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, or Gigabytes, respectively, to the base of 1024. Defaults to the MTU of the interface.
The [EnhancedTransmissionSelection] section manages the queueing discipline (qdisc) of Enhanced Transmission Selection (ETS).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
Bands=¶Specifies the number of bands. An unsigned integer in the range 1…16. This value has to be at
least large enough to cover the strict bands specified through the StrictBands=
and bandwidth-sharing bands specified in QuantumBytes=.
StrictBands=¶Specifies the number of bands that should be created in strict mode. An unsigned integer in the range 1…16.
QuantumBytes=¶Specifies the white-space separated list of quantum used in band-sharing bands. When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified size is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, or Gigabytes, respectively, to the base of 1024. This setting can be specified multiple times. If an empty string is assigned, then the all previous assignments are cleared.
PriorityMap=¶The priority map maps the priority of a packet to a band. The argument is a whitespace separated list of numbers. The first number indicates which band the packets with priority 0 should be put to, the second is for priority 1, and so on. There can be up to 16 numbers in the list. If there are fewer, the default band that traffic with one of the unmentioned priorities goes to is the last one. Each band number must be in the range 0…255. This setting can be specified multiple times. If an empty string is assigned, then the all previous assignments are cleared.
The [GenericRandomEarlyDetection] section manages the queueing discipline (qdisc) of Generic Random Early Detection (GRED).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
VirtualQueues=¶Specifies the number of virtual queues. Takes an integer in the range 1…16. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
DefaultVirtualQueue=¶Specifies the number of default virtual queue. This must be less than VirtualQueue=.
Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
GenericRIO=¶Takes a boolean. It turns on the RIO-like buffering scheme. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
The [FairQueueingControlledDelay] section manages the queueing discipline (qdisc) of fair queuing controlled delay (FQ-CoDel).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
PacketLimit=¶Specifies the hard limit on the real queue size. When this limit is reached, incoming packets are dropped. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
MemoryLimitBytes=¶Specifies the limit on the total number of bytes that can be queued in this FQ-CoDel instance. When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified size is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, or Gigabytes, respectively, to the base of 1024. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
Flows=¶Specifies the number of flows into which the incoming packets are classified. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
TargetSec=¶Takes a timespan. Specifies the acceptable minimum standing/persistent queue delay. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
IntervalSec=¶Takes a timespan. This is used to ensure that the measured minimum delay does not become too stale. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
QuantumBytes=¶Specifies the number of bytes used as the "deficit" in the fair queuing algorithm timespan. When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified size is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, or Gigabytes, respectively, to the base of 1024. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
ECN=¶Takes a boolean. This can be used to mark packets instead of dropping them. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
CEThresholdSec=¶Takes a timespan. This sets a threshold above which all packets are marked with ECN Congestion Experienced (CE). Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
The [FairQueueing] section manages the queueing discipline (qdisc) of fair queue traffic policing (FQ).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
PacketLimit=¶Specifies the hard limit on the real queue size. When this limit is reached, incoming packets are dropped. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
FlowLimit=¶Specifies the hard limit on the maximum number of packets queued per flow. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
QuantumBytes=¶Specifies the credit per dequeue RR round, i.e. the amount of bytes a flow is allowed to dequeue at once. When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified size is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, or Gigabytes, respectively, to the base of 1024. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
InitialQuantumBytes=¶Specifies the initial sending rate credit, i.e. the amount of bytes a new flow is allowed to dequeue initially. When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified size is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, or Gigabytes, respectively, to the base of 1024. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
MaximumRate=¶Specifies the maximum sending rate of a flow. When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified size is parsed as Kilobits, Megabits, or Gigabits, respectively, to the base of 1000. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
Buckets=¶Specifies the size of the hash table used for flow lookups. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
OrphanMask=¶Takes an unsigned integer. For packets not owned by a socket, fq is able to mask a part of hash and reduce number of buckets associated with the traffic. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
Pacing=¶Takes a boolean, and enables or disables flow pacing. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
CEThresholdSec=¶Takes a timespan. This sets a threshold above which all packets are marked with ECN Congestion Experienced (CE). Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
The [TrivialLinkEqualizer] section manages the queueing discipline (qdisc) of trivial link equalizer (teql).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
Id=¶Specifies the interface ID "N" of teql. Defaults to "0".
Note that when teql is used, currently, the module sch_teql with
max_equalizers=N+1 option must be loaded before
systemd-networkd is started.
The [HierarchyTokenBucket] section manages the queueing discipline (qdisc) of hierarchy token bucket (htb).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
DefaultClass=¶Takes the minor id in hexadecimal of the default class. Unclassified traffic gets sent to the class. Defaults to unset.
RateToQuantum=¶Takes an unsigned integer. The DRR quantums are calculated by dividing the value
configured in Rate= by RateToQuantum=.
The [HierarchyTokenBucketClass] section manages the traffic control class of hierarchy token bucket (htb).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root", or a
qdisc identifier. The qdisc identifier is specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in
the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to
"root".
ClassId=¶Configures the unique identifier of the class. It is specified as the major and minor numbers in
hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a colon ("major:minor").
Defaults to unset.
Priority=¶Specifies the priority of the class. In the round-robin process, classes with the lowest priority field are tried for packets first.
QuantumBytes=¶Specifies how many bytes to serve from leaf at once. When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified size is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, or Gigabytes, respectively, to the base of 1024.
MTUBytes=¶Specifies the maximum packet size we create. When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified size is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, or Gigabytes, respectively, to the base of 1024.
OverheadBytes=¶Takes an unsigned integer which specifies per-packet size overhead used in rate computations. When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified size is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, or Gigabytes, respectively, to the base of 1024.
Rate=¶Specifies the maximum rate this class and all its children are guaranteed. When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified size is parsed as Kilobits, Megabits, or Gigabits, respectively, to the base of 1000. This setting is mandatory.
CeilRate=¶Specifies the maximum rate at which a class can send, if its parent has bandwidth to spare.
When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified size is parsed as Kilobits, Megabits, or Gigabits,
respectively, to the base of 1000. When unset, the value specified with Rate=
is used.
BufferBytes=¶Specifies the maximum bytes burst which can be accumulated during idle period. When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified size is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, or Gigabytes, respectively, to the base of 1024.
CeilBufferBytes=¶Specifies the maximum bytes burst for ceil which can be accumulated during idle period. When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified size is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, or Gigabytes, respectively, to the base of 1024.
The [HeavyHitterFilter] section manages the queueing discipline (qdisc) of Heavy Hitter Filter (hhf).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
PacketLimit=¶Specifies the hard limit on the queue size in number of packets. When this limit is reached, incoming packets are dropped. An unsigned integer in the range 0…4294967294. Defaults to unset and kernel's default is used.
The [QuickFairQueueing] section manages the queueing discipline (qdisc) of Quick Fair Queueing (QFQ).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root",
"clsact", "ingress" or a class identifier. The class identifier is
specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a
colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to "root".
Handle=¶Configures the major number of unique identifier of the qdisc, known as the handle. Takes a hexadecimal number in the range 0x1–0xffff. Defaults to unset.
The [QuickFairQueueingClass] section manages the traffic control class of Quick Fair Queueing (qfq).
Parent=¶Configures the parent Queueing Discipline (qdisc). Takes one of "root", or a
qdisc identifier. The qdisc identifier is specified as the major and minor numbers in hexadecimal in
the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a colon ("major:minor"). Defaults to
"root".
ClassId=¶Configures the unique identifier of the class. It is specified as the major and minor numbers in
hexadecimal in the range 0x1–0xffff separated with a colon ("major:minor").
Defaults to unset.
Weight=¶Specifies the weight of the class. Takes an integer in the range 1…1023. Defaults to unset in which case the kernel default is used.
MaxPacketBytes=¶Specifies the maximum packet size in bytes for the class. When suffixed with K, M, or G, the specified size is parsed as Kilobytes, Megabytes, or Gigabytes, respectively, to the base of 1024. When unset, the kernel default is used.
The [BridgeVLAN] section manages the VLAN ID configurations of a bridge master or port, and accepts the
following keys. To make the settings in this section take an effect,
VLANFiltering= option has to be enabled on the bridge master, see the [Bridge]
section in
systemd.netdev(5).
If at least one valid settings specified in this section in a .network file for an interface, all
assigned VLAN IDs on the interface that are not configured in the .network file will be removed. If
VLAN IDs on an interface need to be managed by other tools, then the settings in this section cannot
be used in the matching .network file.
VLAN=¶The VLAN ID allowed on the port. This can be either a single ID or a range M-N. Takes an integer in the range 1…4094. This setting can be specified multiple times. If an empty string is assigned, then the all previous assignments are cleared.
EgressUntagged=¶The VLAN ID specified here will be used to untag frames on egress. Configuring
EgressUntagged= implicates the use of VLAN= above and will
enable the VLAN ID for ingress as well. This can be either a single ID or a range M-N. This
setting can be specified multiple times. If an empty string is assigned, then the all previous
assignments are cleared.
PVID=¶The port VLAN ID specified here is assigned to all untagged frames at ingress. Takes an
VLAN ID or negative boolean value (e.g. "no"). When false, the currently
assigned port VLAN ID will be dropped. Configuring PVID= implicates the use of
VLAN= setting in the above and will enable the VLAN ID for ingress as well.
Defaults to unset, and will keep the assigned port VLAN ID if exists.
Example 1. Static network configuration
# /etc/systemd/network/50-static.network [Match] Name=enp2s0 [Network] Address=192.168.0.15/24 Gateway=192.168.0.1
This brings interface "enp2s0" up with a static address. The
specified gateway will be used for a default route.
Example 2. DHCP on ethernet links
# /etc/systemd/network/80-dhcp.network [Match] Name=en* [Network] DHCP=yes
This will enable DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 on all interfaces with names starting with
"en" (i.e. ethernet interfaces).
Example 3. IPv6 Prefix Delegation (DHCPv6 PD)
# /etc/systemd/network/55-dhcpv6-pd-upstream.network [Match] Name=enp1s0 [Network] DHCP=ipv6 # The below setting is optional, to also assign an address in the delegated prefix # to the upstream interface. If not necessary, then comment out the line below and # the [DHCPPrefixDelegation] section. DHCPPrefixDelegation=yes # If the upstream network provides Router Advertisement with Managed bit set, # then comment out the line below and WithoutRA= setting in the [DHCPv6] section. IPv6AcceptRA=no [DHCPv6] WithoutRA=solicit [DHCPPrefixDelegation] UplinkInterface=:self SubnetId=0 Announce=no
# /etc/systemd/network/55-dhcpv6-pd-downstream.network [Match] Name=enp2s0 [Network] DHCPPrefixDelegation=yes IPv6SendRA=yes # It is expected that the host is acting as a router. So, usually it is not # necessary to receive Router Advertisement from other hosts in the downstream network. IPv6AcceptRA=no [DHCPPrefixDelegation] UplinkInterface=enp1s0 SubnetId=1 Announce=yes
This will enable DHCPv6-PD on the interface enp1s0 as an upstream interface where the DHCPv6 client is running and enp2s0 as a downstream interface where the prefix is delegated to. The delegated prefixes are distributed by IPv6 Router Advertisement on the downstream network.
Example 4. IPv6 Prefix Delegation (DHCPv4 6RD)
# /etc/systemd/network/55-dhcpv4-6rd-upstream.network [Match] Name=enp1s0 [Network] DHCP=ipv4 # When DHCPv4-6RD is used, the upstream network does not support IPv6. # Hence, it is not necessary to wait for Router Advertisement, which is enabled by default. IPv6AcceptRA=no [DHCPv4] Use6RD=yes
# /etc/systemd/network/55-dhcpv4-6rd-downstream.network [Match] Name=enp2s0 [Network] DHCPPrefixDelegation=yes IPv6SendRA=yes # It is expected that the host is acting as a router. So, usually it is not # necessary to receive Router Advertisement from other hosts in the downstream network. IPv6AcceptRA=no [DHCPPrefixDelegation] UplinkInterface=enp1s0 SubnetId=1 Announce=yes
This will enable DHCPv4-6RD on the interface enp1s0 as an upstream interface where the DHCPv4 client is running and enp2s0 as a downstream interface where the prefix is delegated to. The delegated prefixes are distributed by IPv6 Router Advertisement on the downstream network.
Example 5. A bridge with two enslaved links
# /etc/systemd/network/25-bridge-static.netdev [NetDev] Name=bridge0 Kind=bridge
# /etc/systemd/network/25-bridge-static.network [Match] Name=bridge0 [Network] Address=192.168.0.15/24 Gateway=192.168.0.1 DNS=192.168.0.1
# /etc/systemd/network/25-bridge-slave-interface-1.network [Match] Name=enp2s0 [Network] Bridge=bridge0
# /etc/systemd/network/25-bridge-slave-interface-2.network [Match] Name=wlp3s0 [Network] Bridge=bridge0
This creates a bridge and attaches devices "enp2s0" and
"wlp3s0" to it. The bridge will have the specified static address
and network assigned, and a default route via the specified gateway will be
added. The specified DNS server will be added to the global list of DNS resolvers.
Example 6. Bridge port with VLAN forwarding
# /etc/systemd/network/25-bridge-slave-interface-1.network [Match] Name=enp2s0 [Network] Bridge=bridge0 [BridgeVLAN] VLAN=1-32 PVID=42 EgressUntagged=42 [BridgeVLAN] VLAN=100-200 [BridgeVLAN] EgressUntagged=300-400
This overrides the configuration specified in the previous example for the
interface "enp2s0", and enables VLAN on that bridge port. VLAN IDs
1-32, 42, 100-400 will be allowed. Packets tagged with VLAN IDs 42, 300-400 will be
untagged when they leave on this interface. Untagged packets which arrive on this
interface will be assigned VLAN ID 42.
Example 7. Various tunnels
/etc/systemd/network/25-tunnels.network [Match] Name=ens1 [Network] Tunnel=ipip-tun Tunnel=sit-tun Tunnel=gre-tun Tunnel=vti-tun
/etc/systemd/network/25-tunnel-ipip.netdev [NetDev] Name=ipip-tun Kind=ipip
/etc/systemd/network/25-tunnel-sit.netdev [NetDev] Name=sit-tun Kind=sit
/etc/systemd/network/25-tunnel-gre.netdev [NetDev] Name=gre-tun Kind=gre
/etc/systemd/network/25-tunnel-vti.netdev [NetDev] Name=vti-tun Kind=vti
This will bring interface "ens1" up and create an IPIP tunnel,
a SIT tunnel, a GRE tunnel, and a VTI tunnel using it.
Example 8. A bond device
# /etc/systemd/network/30-bond1.network [Match] Name=bond1 [Network] DHCP=ipv6
# /etc/systemd/network/30-bond1.netdev [NetDev] Name=bond1 Kind=bond
# /etc/systemd/network/30-bond1-dev1.network [Match] MACAddress=52:54:00:e9:64:41 [Network] Bond=bond1
# /etc/systemd/network/30-bond1-dev2.network [Match] MACAddress=52:54:00:e9:64:42 [Network] Bond=bond1
This will create a bond device "bond1" and enslave the two
devices with MAC addresses 52:54:00:e9:64:41 and 52:54:00:e9:64:42 to it. IPv6 DHCP
will be used to acquire an address.
Example 9. Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF)
Add the "bond1" interface to the VRF master interface
"vrf1". This will redirect routes generated on this interface to be
within the routing table defined during VRF creation. For kernels before 4.8 traffic
won't be redirected towards the VRFs routing table unless specific ip-rules are added.
# /etc/systemd/network/25-vrf.network [Match] Name=bond1 [Network] VRF=vrf1
Example 10. MacVTap
This brings up a network interface "macvtap-test"
and attaches it to "enp0s25".
# /usr/lib/systemd/network/25-macvtap.network [Match] Name=enp0s25 [Network] MACVTAP=macvtap-test
Example 11. A Xfrm interface with physical underlying device.
# /etc/systemd/network/27-xfrm.netdev [NetDev] Name=xfrm0 Kind=xfrm [Xfrm] InterfaceId=7
# /etc/systemd/network/27-eth0.network [Match] Name=eth0 [Network] Xfrm=xfrm0
This creates a "xfrm0" interface and binds it to the "eth0" device.
This allows hardware based ipsec offloading to the "eth0" nic.
If offloading is not needed, xfrm interfaces can be assigned to the "lo" device.
systemd(1), systemd-networkd.service(8), systemd.link(5), systemd.netdev(5), systemd-network-generator.service(8), systemd-resolved.service(8)
[1] 💣💥🧨💥💥💣 Please note that those configuration files must be available at all times. If
/usr/local/ is a separate partition, it may not be available during early boot,
and must not be used for configuration.