systemd.timer — Timer unit configuration
timer.timer
A unit configuration file whose name ends in
".timer" encodes information about a timer
controlled and supervised by systemd, for timer-based
activation.
This man page lists the configuration options specific to this unit type. See systemd.unit(5) for the common options of all unit configuration files. The common configuration items are configured in the generic [Unit] and [Install] sections. The timer specific configuration options are configured in the [Timer] section.
For each timer file, a matching unit file must exist,
describing the unit to activate when the timer elapses. By
default, a service by the same name as the timer (except for the
suffix) is activated. Example: a timer file
foo.timer activates a matching service
foo.service. The unit to activate may be
controlled by Unit= (see below).
Note that in case the unit to activate is already active at the time the timer elapses it is not restarted,
but simply left running. There is no concept of spawning new service instances in this case. Due to this, services
with RemainAfterExit=yes set (which stay around continuously even after the service's main
process exited) are usually not suitable for activation via repetitive timers, as they will only be activated
once, and then stay around forever. Target units, which by default do not deactivate on their own, can be
activated repeatedly by timers by setting StopWhenUnneeded=yes on them. This will cause a
target unit to be stopped immediately after its activation, if it is not a dependency of another running unit.
The following dependencies are implicitly added:
Timer units automatically gain a Before=
dependency on the service they are supposed to activate.
The following dependencies are added unless DefaultDependencies=no is set:
Timer units will automatically have dependencies of type Requires= and
After= on sysinit.target, a dependency of type Before=
on timers.target, as well as Conflicts= and Before= on
shutdown.target to ensure that they are stopped cleanly prior to system shutdown. Only timer
units involved with early boot or late system shutdown should disable the
DefaultDependencies= option.
Timer units with at least one OnCalendar= directive acquire a pair
of additional After= dependencies on time-set.target and
time-sync.target, in order to avoid being started before the system clock has
been correctly set. See
systemd.special(7)
for details on these two targets.
Timer unit files may include [Unit] and [Install] sections, which are described in systemd.unit(5).
Timer unit files must include a [Timer] section, which carries information about the timer it defines. The options specific to the [Timer] section of timer units are the following:
OnActiveSec=, OnBootSec=, OnStartupSec=, OnUnitActiveSec=, OnUnitInactiveSec=¶Defines monotonic timers relative to different starting points:
Table 1. Settings and their starting points
| Setting | Meaning |
|---|---|
OnActiveSec= | Defines a timer relative to the moment the timer unit itself is activated. |
OnBootSec= | Defines a timer relative to when the machine was booted up. In containers, for the system manager instance, this is mapped to OnStartupSec=, making both equivalent. |
OnStartupSec= | Defines a timer relative to when the service manager was first started. For system timer units this is very similar to OnBootSec= as the system service manager is generally started very early at boot. It's primarily useful when configured in units running in the per-user service manager, as the user service manager is generally started on first login only, not already during boot. |
OnUnitActiveSec= | Defines a timer relative to when the unit the timer unit is activating was last activated. |
OnUnitInactiveSec= | Defines a timer relative to when the unit the timer unit is activating was last deactivated. |
Multiple directives may be combined of the same and of different types, in which case the timer
unit will trigger whenever any of the specified timer expressions elapse. For example, by combining
OnBootSec= and OnUnitActiveSec=, it is possible to define a
timer that elapses in regular intervals and activates a specific service each time. Moreover, both
monotonic time expressions and OnCalendar= calendar expressions may be combined in
the same timer unit.
The arguments to the directives are time spans configured in seconds. Example: "OnBootSec=50" means 50s after boot-up. The argument may also include time units. Example: "OnBootSec=5h 30min" means 5 hours and 30 minutes after boot-up. For details about the syntax of time spans, see systemd.time(7).
If a timer configured with OnBootSec=
or OnStartupSec= is already in the past
when the timer unit is activated, it will immediately elapse
and the configured unit is started. This is not the case for
timers defined in the other directives.
These are monotonic timers, independent of wall-clock time and timezones. If the computer is
temporarily suspended, the monotonic clock generally pauses, too. Note that if
WakeSystem= is used, a different monotonic clock is selected that continues to
advance while the system is suspended and thus can be used as the trigger to resume the
system.
If the empty string is assigned to any of these options, the list of timers is reset (both
monotonic timers and OnCalendar= timers, see below), and all prior assignments
will have no effect.
Note that timers do not necessarily expire at the
precise time configured with these settings, as they are
subject to the AccuracySec= setting
below.
OnCalendar=¶Defines realtime (i.e. wallclock) timers with calendar event expressions. See
systemd.time(7) for
more information on the syntax of calendar event expressions. Otherwise, the semantics are similar to
OnActiveSec= and related settings.
Note that timers do not necessarily expire at the precise time configured with this setting, as
it is subject to the AccuracySec= setting below.
May be specified more than once, in which case the timer unit will trigger whenever any of the specified expressions elapse. Moreover calendar timers and monotonic timers (see above) may be combined within the same timer unit.
If the empty string is assigned to any of these options, the list of timers is reset (both
OnCalendar= timers and monotonic timers, see above), and all prior assignments
will have no effect.
Note that calendar timers might be triggered at unexpected times if the system's realtime clock
is not set correctly. Specifically, on systems that lack a battery-buffered Realtime Clock (RTC) it
might be wise to enable systemd-time-wait-sync.service to ensure the clock is
adjusted to a network time source before the timer event is set up. Timer units
with at least one OnCalendar= expression are automatically ordered after
time-sync.target, which systemd-time-wait-sync.service is
ordered before.
When a system is temporarily put to sleep (i.e. system suspend or hibernation) the realtime
clock does not pause. When a calendar timer elapses while the system is sleeping it will not be acted
on immediately, but once the system is later resumed it will catch up and process all timers that
triggered while the system was sleeping. Note that if a calendar timer elapsed more than once while
the system was continuously sleeping the timer will only result in a single service activation. If
WakeSystem= (see below) is enabled a calendar time event elapsing while the system
is suspended will cause the system to wake up (under the condition the system's hardware supports
time-triggered wake-up functionality).
AccuracySec=¶Specify the accuracy the timer shall elapse
with. Defaults to 1min. The timer is scheduled to elapse
within a time window starting with the time specified in
OnCalendar=,
OnActiveSec=,
OnBootSec=,
OnStartupSec=,
OnUnitActiveSec= or
OnUnitInactiveSec= and ending the time
configured with AccuracySec= later. Within
this time window, the expiry time will be placed at a
host-specific, randomized, but stable position that is
synchronized between all local timer units. This is done in
order to optimize power consumption to suppress unnecessary
CPU wake-ups. To get best accuracy, set this option to
1us. Note that the timer is still subject to the timer slack
configured via
systemd-system.conf(5)'s
TimerSlackNSec= setting. See
prctl(2)
for details. To optimize power consumption, make sure to set
this value as high as possible and as low as
necessary.
Note that this setting is primarily a power saving option that allows coalescing CPU
wake-ups. It should not be confused with RandomizedDelaySec= (see below) which
adds a random value to the time the timer shall elapse next and whose purpose is the opposite: to
stretch elapsing of timer events over a longer period to reduce workload spikes. For further details
and explanations and how both settings play together, see below.
RandomizedDelaySec=¶Delay the timer by a randomly selected, evenly distributed amount of time between 0
and the specified time value. Defaults to 0, indicating that no randomized delay shall be applied.
Each timer unit will determine this delay randomly before each iteration, and the delay will simply
be added on top of the next determined elapsing time, unless modified with
FixedRandomDelay=, see below.
This setting is useful to stretch dispatching of similarly configured timer events over a certain time interval, to prevent them from firing all at the same time, possibly resulting in resource congestion.
Note the relation to AccuracySec= above: the latter allows the service
manager to coalesce timer events within a specified time range in order to minimize wakeups, while
this setting does the opposite: it stretches timer events over an interval, to make it unlikely that
they fire simultaneously. If RandomizedDelaySec= and
AccuracySec= are used in conjunction, first the randomized delay is added, and
then the result is possibly further shifted to coalesce it with other timer events happening on the
system. As mentioned above AccuracySec= defaults to 1 minute and
RandomizedDelaySec= to 0, thus encouraging coalescing of timer events. In order to
optimally stretch timer events over a certain range of time, set
AccuracySec=1us and RandomizedDelaySec= to some higher value.
FixedRandomDelay=¶Takes a boolean argument. When enabled, the randomized offset specified by
RandomizedDelaySec= is reused for all firings of the same timer. For a given timer
unit, the offset depends on the machine ID, user identifier and timer name, which means that it is
stable between restarts of the manager. This effectively creates a fixed offset for an individual
timer, reducing the jitter in firings of this timer, while still avoiding firing at the same time as
other similarly configured timers.
This setting has no effect if RandomizedDelaySec= is set to 0. Defaults to
false.
DeferReactivation=¶Takes a boolean argument. When enabled, the timer schedules the next elapse based on the trigger unit entering inactivity, instead of the last trigger time. This is most apparent in the case where the service unit takes longer to run than the timer interval. With this setting enabled, the timer will schedule the next elapse based on when the service finishes running, and so it will have to wait until the next realtime elapse time to trigger. Otherwise, the default behavior is for the timer unit to immediately trigger again once the service finishes running. This happens because the timer schedules the next elapse based on the previous trigger time, and since the interval is shorter than the service runtime, that elapse will be in the past, causing it to immediately trigger once done.
This setting has no effect if a realtime timer has not been specified with
OnCalendar=. Defaults to false.
OnClockChange=, OnTimezoneChange=¶These options take boolean arguments. When true, the service unit will be triggered
when the system clock (CLOCK_REALTIME) jumps relative to the monotonic clock
(CLOCK_MONOTONIC), or when the local system timezone is modified. These options
can be used alone or in combination with other timer expressions (see above) within the same timer
unit. These options default to false.
Unit=¶The unit to activate when this timer elapses.
The argument is a unit name, whose suffix is not
".timer". If not specified, this value
defaults to a service that has the same name as the timer
unit, except for the suffix. (See above.) It is recommended
that the unit name that is activated and the unit name of the
timer unit are named identically, except for the
suffix.
Persistent=¶Takes a boolean argument. If true, the time when the service unit was last triggered
is stored on disk. When the timer is activated, the service unit is triggered immediately if it
would have been triggered at least once during the time when the timer was inactive. Such triggering
is nonetheless subject to the delay imposed by RandomizedDelaySec=.
This is useful to catch up on missed runs of the service when the system was powered down. Note that
this setting only has an effect on timers configured with OnCalendar=. Defaults to
false.
Use systemctl clean --what=state … on the timer unit to remove the timestamp file maintained by this option from disk. In particular, use this command before uninstalling a timer unit. See systemctl(1) for details.
WakeSystem=¶Takes a boolean argument. If true, an elapsing timer will cause the system to resume
from suspend, should it be suspended and if the system supports this. Note that this option will only
make sure the system resumes on the appropriate times, it will not take care of suspending it again
after any work that is to be done is finished. Defaults to
false.
Note that this functionality requires privileges and is thus generally only available in the system service manager.
Note that behaviour of monotonic clock timers (as configured with
OnActiveSec=, OnBootSec=, OnStartupSec=,
OnUnitActiveSec=, OnUnitInactiveSec=, see above) is altered
depending on this option. If false, a monotonic clock is used that is paused during system suspend
(CLOCK_MONOTONIC), if true a different monotonic clock is used that continues
advancing during system suspend (CLOCK_BOOTTIME), see
clock_getres(2) for
details.
RemainAfterElapse=¶Takes a boolean argument. If true, a timer will stay loaded, and its state remains
queryable even after it elapsed and the associated unit (as configured with Unit=,
see above) deactivated again. If false, an elapsed timer unit that cannot elapse anymore is unloaded
once its associated unit deactivated again. Turning this off is particularly useful for transient
timer units. Note that this setting has an effect when repeatedly starting a timer unit: if
RemainAfterElapse= is on, starting the timer a second time has no effect. However,
if RemainAfterElapse= is off and the timer unit was already unloaded, it can be
started again, and thus the service can be triggered multiple times. Defaults to
true.
Check systemd.unit(5), systemd.exec(5), and systemd.kill(5) for more settings.
Environment variables with details on the trigger will be set for triggered units. See the
"Environment Variables Set or Propagated by the Service Manager" section in
systemd.exec(5)
for more details.
systemd(1), systemctl(1), systemd.unit(5), systemd.service(5), systemd.time(7), systemd.directives(7), systemd-system.conf(5), prctl(2)